MPSC RAJYASEVA CSAT 2020

Direction: Read the following passage and answer the questions:Non-probability sampling is that sampling procedure which does not afford any basis for estimating the probability that each item in the population has of being included in the sample. Non-probability sampling is also known by different name such as deliberate sampling, purposive sampling and judgment sampling. In this type of sampling. Items for the sample are selected deliberately by the researcher; his choice concerning the items remains supreme. In words, under non-probability sampling, the organizers of the inquiry purposively choose the particular units of the universe for constituting a sample on the basis that the small mass that they so select out of a huge one will be typical or representative of the whole. For instance, if economic conditions of the people living in a state are to be studied, a few towns and villages may be purposively selected for intensive study on the principle that they can by representative of the entire state. Thus, the judgment of the organizers of the study plays an important part in this sampling design.In such a design, personal element has a great change of entering into the selection of the sample. The investigator may select a sample which shall yield results favourable to his point of view and if that happens, the entire inquiry may get vitiated. Thus, there is always the danger of bias entering into this type of sampling technique. But if the investigators are impartial, work without bias and have the necessary experience so as to take sound judgment, the results obtained from an analysis of deliberately selected sample may be tolerably reliable. However, in such a sampling, there is no assurance that every element has some specifiable chance of being included. Sampling error in this type of sampling cannot be estimated and the element of bias, great or small, is always there. As such this sampling design gets rarely adopted in large inquiries of importance. However, in small inquiries and researches by individuals, this design may be adopted because of the relative advantage of time and money inherent in this method of sampling. Quota sampling is also an example of non-probability sampling. Under quota sampling the interviewers are simply given quota to be filled from the different strata, with some restrictions on how they are to be filled. In other words, the actual selection of the items for the sample is left to the interviewer’s discretion. This type of sampling is very convenient and is relatively inexpensive. But the samples so selected certainly do not possess the characteristic of random sample. Quota samples are essentially judgment samples and inferences drawn on their basis are not amenable to statistical treatment in a formal way.
Results obtained from an analysis of a deliberately selected sample may be reliable if:(a) Investigators are unbiased.(b) Investigators are experienced.(c) Investigators select a favourable sample.(d) Investigators use statistical methods.

Direction: Read the following passage and answer the questions:Non-probability sampling is that sampling procedure which does not afford any basis for estimating the probability that each item in the population has of being included in the sample. Non-probability sampling is also known by different name such as deliberate sampling, purposive sampling and judgment sampling. In this type of sampling. Items for the sample are selected deliberately by the researcher; his choice concerning the items remains supreme. In words, under non-probability sampling, the organizers of the inquiry purposively choose the particular units of the universe for constituting a sample on the basis that the small mass that they so select out of a huge one will be typical or representative of the whole. For instance, if economic conditions of the people living in a state are to be studied, a few towns and villages may be purposively selected for intensive study on the principle that they can by representative of the entire state. Thus, the judgment of the organizers of the study plays an important part in this sampling design.In such a design, personal element has a great change of entering into the selection of the sample. The investigator may select a sample which shall yield results favourable to his point of view and if that happens, the entire inquiry may get vitiated. Thus, there is always the danger of bias entering into this type of sampling technique. But if the investigators are impartial, work without bias and have the necessary experience so as to take sound judgment, the results obtained from an analysis of deliberately selected sample may be tolerably reliable. However, in such a sampling, there is no assurance that every element has some specifiable chance of being included. Sampling error in this type of sampling cannot be estimated and the element of bias, great or small, is always there. As such this sampling design gets rarely adopted in large inquiries of importance. However, in small inquiries and researches by individuals, this design may be adopted because of the relative advantage of time and money inherent in this method of sampling. Quota sampling is also an example of non-probability sampling. Under quota sampling the interviewers are simply given quota to be filled from the different strata, with some restrictions on how they are to be filled. In other words, the actual selection of the items for the sample is left to the interviewer’s discretion. This type of sampling is very convenient and is relatively inexpensive. But the samples so selected certainly do not possess the characteristic of random sample. Quota samples are essentially judgment samples and inferences drawn on their basis are not amenable to statistical treatment in a formal way.
Which of the following statements is made in the passage?

Direction: Read the following passage and answer the questions:Non-probability sampling is that sampling procedure which does not afford any basis for estimating the probability that each item in the population has of being included in the sample. Non-probability sampling is also known by different name such as deliberate sampling, purposive sampling and judgment sampling. In this type of sampling. Items for the sample are selected deliberately by the researcher; his choice concerning the items remains supreme. In words, under non-probability sampling, the organizers of the inquiry purposively choose the particular units of the universe for constituting a sample on the basis that the small mass that they so select out of a huge one will be typical or representative of the whole. For instance, if economic conditions of the people living in a state are to be studied, a few towns and villages may be purposively selected for intensive study on the principle that they can by representative of the entire state. Thus, the judgment of the organizers of the study plays an important part in this sampling design.In such a design, personal element has a great change of entering into the selection of the sample. The investigator may select a sample which shall yield results favourable to his point of view and if that happens, the entire inquiry may get vitiated. Thus, there is always the danger of bias entering into this type of sampling technique. But if the investigators are impartial, work without bias and have the necessary experience so as to take sound judgment, the results obtained from an analysis of deliberately selected sample may be tolerably reliable. However, in such a sampling, there is no assurance that every element has some specifiable chance of being included. Sampling error in this type of sampling cannot be estimated and the element of bias, great or small, is always there. As such this sampling design gets rarely adopted in large inquiries of importance. However, in small inquiries and researches by individuals, this design may be adopted because of the relative advantage of time and money inherent in this method of sampling. Quota sampling is also an example of non-probability sampling. Under quota sampling the interviewers are simply given quota to be filled from the different strata, with some restrictions on how they are to be filled. In other words, the actual selection of the items for the sample is left to the interviewer’s discretion. This type of sampling is very convenient and is relatively inexpensive. But the samples so selected certainly do not possess the characteristic of random sample. Quota samples are essentially judgment samples and inferences drawn on their basis are not amenable to statistical treatment in a formal way.
Why is the researcher’s judgment vital in the non-probability sampling design?

Direction: Read the following passage and answer the questions:Non-probability sampling is that sampling procedure which does not afford any basis for estimating the probability that each item in the population has of being included in the sample. Non-probability sampling is also known by different name such as deliberate sampling, purposive sampling and judgment sampling. In this type of sampling. Items for the sample are selected deliberately by the researcher; his choice concerning the items remains supreme. In words, under non-probability sampling, the organizers of the inquiry purposively choose the particular units of the universe for constituting a sample on the basis that the small mass that they so select out of a huge one will be typical or representative of the whole. For instance, if economic conditions of the people living in a state are to be studied, a few towns and villages may be purposively selected for intensive study on the principle that they can by representative of the entire state. Thus, the judgment of the organizers of the study plays an important part in this sampling design.In such a design, personal element has a great change of entering into the selection of the sample. The investigator may select a sample which shall yield results favourable to his point of view and if that happens, the entire inquiry may get vitiated. Thus, there is always the danger of bias entering into this type of sampling technique. But if the investigators are impartial, work without bias and have the necessary experience so as to take sound judgment, the results obtained from an analysis of deliberately selected sample may be tolerably reliable. However, in such a sampling, there is no assurance that every element has some specifiable chance of being included. Sampling error in this type of sampling cannot be estimated and the element of bias, great or small, is always there. As such this sampling design gets rarely adopted in large inquiries of importance. However, in small inquiries and researches by individuals, this design may be adopted because of the relative advantage of time and money inherent in this method of sampling. Quota sampling is also an example of non-probability sampling. Under quota sampling the interviewers are simply given quota to be filled from the different strata, with some restrictions on how they are to be filled. In other words, the actual selection of the items for the sample is left to the interviewer’s discretion. This type of sampling is very convenient and is relatively inexpensive. But the samples so selected certainly do not possess the characteristic of random sample. Quota samples are essentially judgment samples and inferences drawn on their basis are not amenable to statistical treatment in a formal way.
Non-Probability Sampling is NOT known by this name.

Direction: Read the following passage and answer the questions:Non-probability sampling is that sampling procedure which does not afford any basis for estimating the probability that each item in the population has of being included in the sample. Non-probability sampling is also known by different name such as deliberate sampling, purposive sampling and judgment sampling. In this type of sampling. Items for the sample are selected deliberately by the researcher; his choice concerning the items remains supreme. In words, under non-probability sampling, the organizers of the inquiry purposively choose the particular units of the universe for constituting a sample on the basis that the small mass that they so select out of a huge one will be typical or representative of the whole. For instance, if economic conditions of the people living in a state are to be studied, a few towns and villages may be purposively selected for intensive study on the principle that they can by representative of the entire state. Thus, the judgment of the organizers of the study plays an important part in this sampling design.In such a design, personal element has a great change of entering into the selection of the sample. The investigator may select a sample which shall yield results favourable to his point of view and if that happens, the entire inquiry may get vitiated. Thus, there is always the danger of bias entering into this type of sampling technique. But if the investigators are impartial, work without bias and have the necessary experience so as to take sound judgment, the results obtained from an analysis of deliberately selected sample may be tolerably reliable. However, in such a sampling, there is no assurance that every element has some specifiable chance of being included. Sampling error in this type of sampling cannot be estimated and the element of bias, great or small, is always there. As such this sampling design gets rarely adopted in large inquiries of importance. However, in small inquiries and researches by individuals, this design may be adopted because of the relative advantage of time and money inherent in this method of sampling. Quota sampling is also an example of non-probability sampling. Under quota sampling the interviewers are simply given quota to be filled from the different strata, with some restrictions on how they are to be filled. In other words, the actual selection of the items for the sample is left to the interviewer’s discretion. This type of sampling is very convenient and is relatively inexpensive. But the samples so selected certainly do not possess the characteristic of random sample. Quota samples are essentially judgment samples and inferences drawn on their basis are not amenable to statistical treatment in a formal way.
The Central Idea of the passage is concerned with :

Direction: Read the following passage and answer the questions:Bio-fuelHenry Ford and Rudolf Diesel these two persons made revolution in motor care industry. They expected that their motor car should be run on fuel obtained from plants, but in those days crude oil was the cheapest and won the competition. Petrol became popular and dream of Henry Ford and Rudolf Diesel shattered. After a century the will of Henry Ford and Rudolf Diesel is about to fulfill. Presently the hike in the petroleum opens the channel for bio-fuel. Slowly the use of bio-fuel in cars, trucks and aeroplanes is becoming popular.Brazil took lead in the bio-fuel. At present there are more than four hundred ethanol production centres in that country, that ethanol produced only from sugarcane. They do not use the pure gasoline but mixed 25% ethanol in it. In future, only ethanol consuming vehicles will be manufactured in that country. More and more land is used for the plantation of sugarcane and ethanol producing plants. “Gasoline cars are slowly disappearing.” Technicians of that country claim.Ethanol is obtained from maize in America. Germany is the largest producer of biodiesel in Europe. Along with India other 30 countries are trying to produce ethanol from various plants. Ethanol can be produced from the plants like coconut, soyabean, groundnut, palm, grapes and beetroot.The most important thing is that conventional car engines can be run on bio-fuel. Apart from this, the proper mixture of ethanol in gasoline of diesel can be used as fuel. The conventional diesel engine can run better in 20% bio-fuel. It means there is no need to change the vehicle engines for bio-fuel. Its speciality is that Boi-fuel does not emit carbon-dioxide.Nature take crores of years to produce crude-oil, instead the bio-fuel is obtained from the plants and vegetation. Bio-fuel not only emits the low carbon-dioxide but also does not emit the toxic gases like nitrogen oxide. The production of bio-fuel will be depending on the growth capacity of the plants and availability of land for the plantation. Apart from this production of bio-fuel will be possible from the various types of waste.
Which of the following benefits of use of Bio-fuel are correct ?(a) Bio-fuel is made from vegetations.(b) Less pollution by use of bio-fuel.(c) Use of bio-fuel will save crude oil.(d) Bio-fuel is cheap.