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Practice each question, then open the answer or worked solution.
Examine the figure
a. Is this structure present in an animal cell or plant cell?
b. Can these be passed on to the progeny? How?
c. Name the metabolic processes taking place in the places marked
(1) and (2)
(a) This structure is present in the plant cell.
(b) Chloroplast can self-replicate and hence it can be passed on to the progeny.
(c) (1) shows dark reaction and (2) shows the site of replication of chloroplast.
2H2O 4H+ + O2 + 4e–
Based on the above equation, answer the following questions:
a. Where does this reaction take place in plants?
b. What is the significance of this reaction?
a. It takes place in PS II which is a decomposition reaction of the water molecule.
b. Splitting of water continuously provides electrons to the electron transport chain; further steps of photosynthesis.
Cyanobacteria and some other photosynthetic bacteria don’t have chloroplasts. How do they conduct photosynthesis?
In the inner membrane of cyanobacteria, they have folds to take place the photosynthesis. Bluish pigment phycocyanin is there to take photo-synthesis with solar energy.
a. NADP reductase enzyme is located on _________________.
b. Breakdown of proton gradient leads to release of _________________.
a) Outer side of thylakoid membrane (Grana-lamella)
(b) ATP molecules
Can girdling experiments be done in monocots? If yes, how? If no, why not?
No. The monocot stem is scattered over all of the widths of the trunk by vascular bundles. So, we can’t reach a particular band of girdling phloem.
3CO2 + 9ATP + 6NADPH + Water glyceraldehyde 3 – phosphate + 9 ADP + 6 NADP+ + 8 Pi
Analyse the above reaction and answer the following questions:
a. How many molecules of ATP & NADPH are required to fix one molecule of CO2?
b. Where in the chloroplast does this process occur?
(a) 3 molecules of ATP are required for phosphorylation and 2 molecules of NADPH are required for reduction of carbon dioxide.
(b) This reaction occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast.
Does moonlight support photosynthesis?
It does not support photosynthesis because they don’t have enough energy to excite chlorophyll molecules.
Some of these terms/chemicals are associated with the C4 cycle. Explain.
a. Hatch slack pathway
b. Calvin cycle
c. PEP carboxylase
d. Bundle sheath cells
(a) In C4 plants the process is called the Hatch & Slack Pathway, the glucose synthesis process.
(b) Steps leading to the formation of carbohydrate following the division of the water molecule. This happens cyclically and is called the Calvin Cycle.
(c) PEP carboxylase is an enzyme. It is present in mesophyll cells of C4 plants.
(d) The specialized sclerenchyma cells present around vascular bundles in the veins of C4 plants are called bundle sheath cells.
Where is NADP reductase enzyme located in the chloroplast? What is the role of this enzyme in proton gradient development?
NADP reductase enzyme is located on the outer side of the thylakoid membrane. It facilitates the breakdown of the proton gradient to release energy, i.e. NADPH.
ATPase enzyme consists of two parts. What are those parts? How are they arranged in the thylakoid membrane? Conformational change occurs in which part of the enzyme?
Two parts of the enzyme are ATPase: the head of F0 and the head of F1. The F0 head is towards the thylakoid’s inner side while F1 is towards the thylakoid’s outer side. In F1 part of the enzyme, the conformation changes.