Deductive and Inductive Reasoning - Logic - General Aptitude (GA) Previous Year Questions

In cooperatively breeding species, a single dominant female breeds while other subordinate adult females in the group rarely breed. Which of the following statements below are PROXIMATE explanations for this phenomenon?
(P) When resources are limited, and competition for reproduction is strong, females evolve costly traits to monopolize reproduction
(Q) Intense aggression by the dominant female towards subordinate females results in chronic stress, elevated stress hormone levels, and lowered rates of conception in subordinates
(R) When dispersal is costly, natural selection favours delayed dispersal of the young who instead help rear siblings, in return for continued residence on their natal territory
(S) Pregnant subordinate females are evicted from the group by the dominant female, and harsh conditions outside the group result in loss of body condition and increased risk of abortions

(A) P and Q    (B) P and R    (C) Q and S    (D) Q and R

In male moths of a certain genus, size of antennae and sensitivity to female pheromone are under the influence of sexual selection. Species X and Species Y of moths within this genus occur together in the same geographical location. Species X naturally occurs in dense populations while Species Y naturally occurs in sparse populations. All else being equal, which of the following is most likely to be correct?
(A) Males of Species X have larger antennae and are more sensitive to female pheromone
(B) Males of Species Y have smaller antennae and are less sensitive to female pheromone
(C) Males of Species X have smaller antennae and are less sensitive to female pheromone
(D) Males of Species Y have larger antennae and are less sensitive to female pheromone

A scientist conducts an experiment to test the ability of the worm Caenorhabditis elegans to find a food source using only its odour. She places only food odour in the left arm of a Y-shaped tube; there is no food odour in the right arm. She tests 50 worms individually in separate tubes. She finds that they all move into the left arm. She concludes that individual worms can find food using odour alone. However, another scientist says that the experiment is flawed. Based on the information provided above, which of the following is a valid objection?

The evolutionary relationship between five species of birds (A to E) is shown below.
Species C, D, and E have a crest while the rest do not. Given this phylogeny and the principle of parsimony (i.e., involving the fewest number of evolutionary steps), which of the following statements reflects the evolution of the crest in this group?

Consider the following three statements:
(i) Some roses are red.
(ii) All red flowers fade quickly.
(iii) Some roses fade quickly.
Which of the following statements can be logically inferred from the above statements?

Some students were not involved in the strike.
If the above statement is true, which of the following conclusions is/are logically necessary?
1. Some who were involved in the strike were students.
2. No student was involved in the strike.
3. At least one student was involved in the strike.
4. Some who were not involved in the strike were students.

Seven cars P, Q, R, S, T, U and V are parked in a row not necessarily in that order. The cars T and U should be parked next to each other. The cars S and V also should be parked next to each other, whereas P and Q cannot be parked next to each other. Q and S must be parked next to each other. R is parked to the immediate right of V. T is parked to the left of U.
Based on the above statements, the only INCORRECT option given below is:

Eight students (P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, and W) are playing musical chairs. The figure indicates their order of position at the start of the game. They play the game by moving forward in a circle in the clockwise direction.
After the 1^st round, 4^th student behind P leaves the game. After 2^nd round, 5^th student behind Q leaves the game. After 3^rd round, 3^rd student behind V leaves the game. After 4^th round, 4^th student behind U leaves the game. Who all are left in the game after the 4^th round?
Note: The figure shown is representative.

Some tables are shelves. Some shelves are chairs. All chairs are benches. Which of the following conclusions can be deduced from the preceding sentences?
i. At least one bench is a table
ii. At least one shelf is a bench
iii. At least one chair is a table
iv. All benches are chairs

S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, and Z are seated around a circular table. T’s neighbours are Y and V. Z is seated third to the left of T and second to the right of S. U’s neighbours are S and Y; and T and W are not seated opposite each other. Who is third to the left of V?

In 2022, June Huh was awarded the Fields medal, which is the highest prize in Mathematics.
When he was younger, he was also a poet. He did not win any medals in the International Mathematics Olympiads. He dropped out of college.
Based only on the above information, which one of the following statements can be logically inferred with certainty?

Human beings are one among many creatures that inhabit an imagined world. In this imagined world, some creatures are cruel. If in this imagined world, it is given that the statement “Some human beings are not cruel creatures” is FALSE, then which of the following set of statement(s) can be logically inferred with certainty?
(i) All human beings are cruel creatures.
(ii) Some human beings are cruel creatures.
(iii) Some creatures that are cruel are human beings.
(iv) No human beings are cruel creatures.

‘When it is raining, peacocks dance.’
Based only on this sentence, which one of the following options is necessarily true?

Figures (i) and (ii) represent intercity highway systems. The black dots represent cities and the line segments between them represent intercity highways. A salesperson needs to make a trip. She needs to start from a city, visit each of the remaining cities exactly once, and finally return to the same city from which she started. Which one of the following options is then true?

The figure in Panel I below is a grid of cells with four rows and four columns. The numbers on the top and on the left represent the number of cells that are to be shaded in that column and row, respectively. Which one of the options shown in Panel II below represents the grid shaded correctly?