Chapter 8: Human Health and Diseases

Ans: Many viral illness germs are present in the air or float in the air during changing weather. Its presence is significantly stronger in enclosed spaces, such as movie theatres and air-conditioned areas. There are various ways to be infected by a virus that causes a common cold, fever, flu, and other illnesses. As a result, it's best to stay away from public places when the weather changes.

Ans: Sickle Cell Anemia is a disorder in which the blood cells form a sickle shape before breaking down. It's an inherited condition that can only be healed by bone marrow transplants, which are also dangerous. Some patients with sickle cell anaemia benefit from the fact that they are less susceptible to malaria. According to a report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the United States, sickle cell disease is more common in malaria-endemic areas.

Ans: Lymph nodes include lymphocytes, which assist the body fight illnesses and invading viruses by filtering the substances that flow via lymphatic fluid. Microorganisms and antigens that enter the lymph and tissue fluid are trapped in lymph nodes. The lymphocytes in the lymph nodes are activated by antigens trapped in the lymph nodes.

Ans:  Four polypeptide chains make up an antibody molecule. Two of these chains are referred to as heavy chains, while the other two are referred to as light chains. For B cells, the heavy chain permits antigen-specific binding and subsequent activation. The heavy chain weighs 50 kDa, while the light chain weighs 25 kDa. Antibody light chains are tiny polypeptide units. It contributes to antigen binding and ensures the secretion of effective antibodies.

Ans: It means that every antigen that strikes the body is remembered by the immune system. When the same antigen attacks the body, the immune system detects it right away and generates antibodies to neutralise the antigen's effects. When the antigen hits for the first time, the body produces a low-intensity initial reaction. However, when it strikes a second time, the body responds with a strong secondary reaction, which reduces the amount of foreign antigen.

Ans: If Antiretroviral Therapy is recommended, the person is most likely to develop Acquired ImmunoDeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). The disease is transferred by sexual activity, needle sharing, and tattoo equipment sharing. It does not spread when you touch or sit next to the patient. Human Deficiency Virus is the causal agent (HIV). This virus causes damage to the patient's tissue and cells and is spread through body fluids such as blood and sperm.