Chapter 8: Human Health and Diseases

Ans: Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease spread by the female mosquito Anopheles gambiae.

Headache, Nausea, and Vomiting, Fever, Chills, and Sweating, Spleen Enlargement, Muscular Fatigue, and Pain are all symptoms of Malaria. The following is a schematic illustration of the malaria life cycle: -

1. Sporozite, a motile infective form, is transmitted by the female anopheles mosquito to a vertebrate host, such as humans.

2. The sporozoites infiltrate the liver and grow into schizonts (asexual schizonts).

3. These schizonts are broken up and released by the Merozoites.

4. Merozoites have entered the RBC and are asexually reproducing and infecting an RBC, causing fever cycles.

5. The trophozoite evolves into schizonts, which create merozoites or parasites, at the ring stage.

6. Gametophytes are parasites that evolve into gametophytes.

7. The gametophytes generated when a female anopheles mosquito bites an infected person are eaten.

The parasites then multiply in the mosquito's gut, which is referred to as the sporogonic cycle.

9. These microgametes create zygotes when they enter macrogametes.

10. Sporozoites are zygotes that have become motile and elongated.

Ans: The following factors contribute to poor health conditions in communities due to a lack of sufficient hygiene, sanitation, and basic health services.

Ans: Drugs are chemical molecules that have psychological and physiological effects on your body. Cocaine, morphine, heroin, LSD, and other drugs are illegal.

Some youngsters start to dabble in drugs:

1. Peer pressure: A person may be pressured by peers to use drugs, and as a result, the individual begins to use drugs in order to gain acceptability in the social group.

2. Feelings of Happiness: People use drugs to make themselves feel better or to experience euphoria.

Medicines interacting with neurological receptors in the brain generate this experience.

3. Experimentation: Some people experiment with drugs in order to feel the rush and excitement that comes with it.

4. Depression: Some people take antidepressants to help them feel better. Drugs make people happy and at ease.

These can be avoided if the person talks to friends, relatives, or seeks professional help to deal with the stress:

Refuse to take drugs from anyone who tries to push them on you.

Peer pressure should not be allowed to influence a person's decision.

Maintain your health by eating correctly and participating in a variety of physical activities.

Ans: When a person is addicted to alcohol, some behavioural changes occur, such as: 

1. If a person is addicted to alcohol, he or she develops a selfish attitude and may deny his or her family of essentials in order to meet their own needs.

2. Recovering from the affects of alcohol takes a long time.

3. Focusing less on personal and professional issues.

4. Withdrawal symptoms arise when alcohol usage is stopped.

5. Repeated failures to abstain from consuming alcohol.

6. Seek professional help if you need it to beat alcoholism.

7. Talk to your family and friends about the issue.

8. Establish a drinking limit that is lower than the recommended levels.

9. Make an effort to stay active in both your personal and professional life.

10. Watch out for peer pressure. Don't be swayed by peer pressure.

Ans: The approaches for detecting cancer are as follows:

1. Biopsy: A small piece of questionable tissue is taken and histopathologically analysed in this technique. This aids in the discovery of any cell abnormalities.

2. Blood and bone marrow tests: These tests demonstrate an increase in the number of cells in the body. This aids in the diagnosis of the condition by the doctor.

3. Imaging Techniques: X-rays, CT scans, and MRIs are used to diagnose cancer of the internal organs.

4. Ultrasound: This test uses sound waves to create images of interior organs and detect any abnormalities.

5. In addition to the techniques listed above, antibodies against cancer-specific antigens and molecular biotechnology are used in some cases.

Surgery, radiation, and immunotherapy are all common treatment options:

a. Surgery: This entails removing the tumour surgically.

b. Radiotherapy: Cancerous cells are killed by radioactive rays. It's crucial to avoid killing healthy cells.

c. Immunotherapy: This entails using alpha-interferon to allow chemotherapeutic drugs to kill cancer cells that are resistant to them.

Ans: Drugs are chemical molecules that affect your body's physiological and psychological functions; nonetheless, an overdose can cause the following adverse effects:

1. In overdose circumstances, anxiety and shakiness are prevalent.

2. Vomiting and nausea are common side effects.

3. In both professional and personal life, there is a lack of interest.

4. There are challenges with adjusting to social situations.

5. Withdrawal symptoms are visible.

6. Irresponsible behaviour, aggression, and vandalism are all examples of irresponsible behaviour.

7. There are signs of exhaustion, aggression, and restlessness.

8. There is a general lack of interest.

Dealing with the issue:

1. The individual attempts to cope with the stress by talking to friends, family, or seeking professional assistance.

2. When someone tries to force you to take drugs, politely decline.

3. One should not succumb to peer pressure.

4. Maintain a healthy lifestyle by eating well and getting plenty of exercise.

Ans: 1. These vaccines are third-generation vaccines.

2. Plasmids, which are little circular bits of DNA, are used to construct them.

3. Pathogen-specific proteins have been genetically engineered into these plasmids.

4. The DNA is read by the body when they are injected into the body, and the host cell begins to synthesise pathogen proteins.

5. These proteins are thought to be alien substances. The immune system has been triggered.

6. The body now recognises the virus and initiates a response whenever it enters.

Examples:

1. Human vaccine against the bird flu virus

2. Human vaccine against the Nile virus

Benefits: -

Infections are unlikely, and they elicit both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses.

3. Initiate an immune reaction that will last for a long time.

4. When a true poliovirus infects the body, the body remembers how it reacted and fights back.

5. A single OPV dose gives long-term protection against all three poliovirus strains.

Despite the government's efforts, India has not been able to eradicate polio, and some cases are still being reported. This could be due to a lack of information, understanding, or accessibility in specific locations.

Ans: 1. These vaccines are third-generation vaccines.

2. Plasmids, which are little circular bits of DNA, are used to construct them.

3. Pathogen-specific proteins have been genetically engineered into these plasmids.

4. The DNA is read by the body when they are injected into the body, and the host cell begins to synthesise pathogen proteins.

5. These proteins are thought to be alien substances. The immune system has been triggered.

6. The body now recognises the virus and initiates a response whenever it enters.

Examples:

1. Human vaccine against the bird flu virus

2. Human vaccine against the Nile virus

Benefits: -

Infections are unlikely, and they elicit both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses.

3. Initiate an immune reaction that will last for a long time.