Chapter 8: Human Health and Diseases

Ans: Pathogens enter the body through a variety of routes. Certain pathogens become tissue or organ-specific as a result of their adaptation to the tissues or organ's resistance. Rhinovirus, for example, is a tissue-specific pathogen that infects the nose tube but not the lungs. The fungus that causes ringworm only affects the skin and not the rest of the body.

Ans: The condition is known as Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) (AIDS). The disease is transferred by sexual activity, needle sharing, and tattoo equipment sharing. It does not spread when you touch or sit next to the patient.

Ans: The causative organism is most likely the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), which affects the patient's tissue and cells. This is spread through bodily fluids like blood and sperm.

Ans: Helper T lymphocytes are the cells of the body that are affected.

Ans: In the bone marrow, cells such as B cells and T cells are generated. These cells are White Blood cells, which are important for the body's immunity. B cells mature in the bone marrow, whereas T cells mature in the Thymus. T cells help to kill the pathogen and other immune cells in the battle against infection, whereas B cells create antibodies.

Ans: Option C is erroneous because Microsporum causes ringworm, while Wucheria bancrofti causes filariasis.

Microsporum is a member of the Eurotiomycetes fungus family. Other fungal infections, such as tinea capitis, tinea corporis, and dermatophytosis, are caused by this. W.bancrofti, on the other hand, is a filarial worm that causes lymphatic filariasis by attacking the lymphatic system.

Ans: The thymus gland, the major lymphoid organ, contributes in the development of T cells. The removal of the Thymus gland has no effect on the body's immunity because adequate T cells are created during the foetal stage. However, removing the Thymus gland while the baby is still in the womb can result in a life-threatening condition. Thymus glands are made up of immature T cells that are surrounded by epithelial cells that help thymocytes develop.

Ans: The epithelium lining is coated with mucus, which helps trap microorganisms entering the body. Saliva secreted in the mouth and hydrochloric acid secreted in the stomach also assist limit microbial growth.

Innate immunity is a term used to describe this form of immunity. It's a fast-acting defence against a foreign infection.

Ans: Colostrum is the mother's milk that is released shortly after the infant is born. It's high in antibiotics and nutrient-dense. It contains a high level of IgA, which aids the infant's illness defence. It's also high in minerals, vitamins, and proteins, among other things. It also increases immunity and aids in the infant's growth and development.

Ans: Interferons are a family of proteins that are released in response to a variety of viruses. This prevents the virus from multiplying as well as spreading. These shield the body from a variety of infections. They serve as a Cytokinin barrier in most cases. T cells and macrophages are the sources of interferons.

Ans: 

An antigen-binding site is denoted by the letter A.

B refers to the zone of light.

The heavy region is C.

Two light chains, two heavy chains, and an antigen-binding site make up the antigen molecule. Antigens include IgG, IgA, IgD, IgE, and others.

Ans: The majority of withdrawal symptoms in a frequent drug or alcohol user include intense perspiration, anxiety, nausea, and shakiness. Because alcohol is not metabolised by the body, it circulates in the bloodstream and travels throughout the body. The brain is usually the first organ to be affected, followed by the kidneys, lungs, and liver. Excessive alcohol consumption can also lead to serious health problems such as unexplained weight loss, liver enlargement, exhaustion, and appetite loss.