Chapter 4: Animal Kingdom

a) Blood is pumped out of the heart and the cells and tissues are directly bathed in the open circulatory system whereas the closed circulatory system is circulated throughout the body with the help of series of vessels

b) Laying of fertilized and unfertilized eggs are known as oviparous whereas giving birth to young ones is viviparous

c) When a larval stage is absent in the development of the organism, it is direct development whereas the larval stage is present in the development of the organism which does not resemble the adult is called indirect development.

In radial symmetry, the body of an individual can be divided into equal halves by any plans passing through the longitudinal axis. Radial symmetry: Coelenterates, Ctenophores, Echinoderms

In bilateral symmetry, the body can be divided into two halves when the plane passes through the median longitudinal axis. Bilateral symmetry: Annelids, Arthropods.

Two-chambered hearts: Chrondrichytes and osteocytes

Three-chambered heart: Amphibia and Reptile

Four-chambered heart: Aves and mammalian

A = Malpighian tubules

B = Open

C = Annelida

D = Mollusca

E = Feather-like gills

F = Amphibians have kidneys as their excretory organs

a. Amphibia – Dual habitat

b. Mammals – Mammary glands

c. Chondrichthyes – Cartilaginous notochord

d. Osteichthyes – Air bladder

e. Cyclostomata – Sucking and circular mouth without jaws

f. Aves – Pneumatic bones

For the survival of that condition, they have to adapt:

High reproductive capacity

Presence of adhesive organs or suckers to cling on to the host.

Loss of digestive system.

Loss of unnecessary sense organs.

a. Pila – Presence of shell

b. Cockroach – Jointed appendages

c. Asterias – Water vascular system

d. Torpedo – Electric organ

e. Parrot – Perching

f. Dogfish – Placoid scales

a) Blood is pumped out the heart and the cells and tissues are directly bathed in the open circulatory system whereas the closed circulatory system is circulated throughout the body with the help of series of vessels

b) Laying of fertilized and unfertilized eggs are known as oviparous whereas giving birth to young ones is viviparous

c) When a larval stage is absent in the development of the organism, it is direct development whereas the larval stage is present in the development of the organism which does not resemble the adult is called indirect development.

d) The animal possessing no coelom are called coelomates whereas the body cavity lined by mesoderm instead mesoderm is present in between ectoderm and endoderm are called pseudocoelomate.

e) The notochord is mesodermally derived rod-like structure formed on the dorsal side during embryonic development whereas the nerve cord is a solid strand of nervous tissue

f) Polyp is a sessile and cylindrical form like Hydra whereas Medusa is an umbrella-shaped and free-swimming like jellyfish

Chondrichthyes

Their habitat is mainly marine and their body is streamlined. They have a cartilaginous endoskeleton.

Examples are scoliosis and Trygon

Osteichthyes

The habitat is both marines as well as freshwater and they have a streamlined body. The endoskeleton is bony.

Examples are Marine: Hippocampus (Sea horse), Freshwater: Labeo (Rohu), Aquarium: Betta (Fighting fish)

b) Urochordata and cephalochordate

In urochordates, the notochord is present only in the larval tail but in cephalochordates, notochord extends from head to tail region and is persistent throughout the life.

• Examples – Urochordates: Ascidia, Salpa, Cephalochordates: Branchiostoma.

a) Aves and mammals are warm-blooded and have 4 chambered heart

b) A frog and crocodile are cold-blooded and are oviparous

c) Turtle and pilla are cold-blooded and are oviparous animals