Chapter 7: Binomial Theorem

Ans: To prove to prove that(a-b) is a factor of (${a^n} - {b^n}$), it must be proved that

${a^n} - {b^n}$= \[k(a - b)\], where k is some natural number

It can be written that, $a = a - b + b$

${((a - b) + b)^n}{ = ^n}{C_0}{(a - b)^n}{ + ^n}{C_1}{(a - b)^{n - 1}}b{ + ^n}{C_2}{(a - b)^{n - 2}}{b^2} +  \ldots { + ^n}{C_{n - 1}}(a - b){b^{n - 1}}{ + ^n}{C_n}{b^n}$

=${(a - b)^n}{ + ^n}{C_1}{(a - b)^{n - 1}}b{ + ^n}{C_2}{(a - b)^{n - 2}}{b^2} +  \ldots { + ^n}{C_{n - 1}}(a - b){b^{n - 1}} + {b^n}$

=${a^n} - {b^n} = (a - b)$$[{(a - b)^{n - 1}}{ + ^n}{C_1}{(a - b)^{n - 2}}b{ + ^n}{C_2}{(a - b)^{n - 3}}{b^2} +  \ldots { + ^n}{C_{n - 1}}{b^{n - 1}}]$

$ \Rightarrow {a^n} - {b^n} = k(a - b)$

Where k =$[{(a - b)^{n - 1}}{ + ^n}{C_1}{(a - b)^{n - 2}}b{ + ^n}{C_2}{(a - b)^{n - 3}}{b^2} +  \ldots { + ^n}{C_{n - 1}}{b^{n - 1}}]$ is a natural number this shows that \[(a - b)\]is a factor of $({a^n} - {b^n})$,

Where n is a positive integer.

Ans: Firstly, the expression

${\left( {a + b} \right)^6} - {\left( {a - b} \right)^6}$ is simplified by using Binomial Theorem. This can be done as

${\left( {a + b} \right)^6}$=$^6{C_0}{(a)^6}{ + ^6}{C_1}{(a)^5}b{ + ^6}{C_2}{(a)^4}{b^2}{ + ^6}{C_3}{(a)^3}{b^3}{ + ^6}{C_4}{(a)^2}{b^4}{ + ^6}{C_5}(a){b^5}{ + ^6}{C_6}{b^6}$

=${(a)^6} + 6{(a)^5}b + 15{(a)^4}{b^2} + 20{(a)^3}{b^3} + 15{(a)^2}{b^4} + 6a{b^5} + {b^6}$

Putting a=$\sqrt 3 \,and\,$b=$\sqrt 2 $, we obtain

\[\left( {\sqrt 3 } \right. + {\left. {\sqrt 2 } \right)^6} - \left( {\sqrt 3 } \right. - {\left. {\sqrt 2 } \right)^6}\]

\[ = 2\left( {6 \cdot {{(\sqrt 3 )}^5}(\sqrt 2 ) + 20 \cdot {{(\sqrt 3 )}^3}{{(\sqrt 2 )}^3} + 6 \cdot (\sqrt 3 ){{(\sqrt 2 )}^5}} \right)\]

=\[2 \times 198\sqrt 6 \]

\[ = 396\sqrt 6 \]

Ans: Firstly, the expression is simplified by using Binomial Theorem.

${\left( {x + y} \right)^4} + {\left( {x - y} \right)^4}$

This can be done as

${\left( {x + y} \right)^4}$=$^4{C_0}{(x)^4}{ + ^4}{C_1}{(x)^3}y{ + ^4}{C_2}{(x)^2}{y^2}{ + ^4}{C_3}x\,{y^3}{ + ^4}{C_4}{y^4}$

=${(x)^4} + 4{(x)^3}y + 6{(x)^2}{y^2} + 4x\,{y^3} + {y^4}$

${\left( {x - y} \right)^4}$=$^4{C_0}{(x)^4}{ - ^4}{C_1}{(x)^3}y{ - ^4}{C_2}{(x)^2}{y^2}{ - ^4}{C_3}x\,{y^3}{ - ^4}{C_4}{y^4}$

=${(x)^4} - 4{(x)^3}y - 6{(x)^2}{y^2} - 4x\,{y^3} - {y^4}$

Putting x=${a^2}$ and $y = \sqrt {{a^2} - 1} ,$ We obtain

${\left( {{a^2} + \sqrt {{a^2} - 1} } \right)^4} + {\left( {{a^2} - \sqrt {{a^2} - 1} } \right)^4}$

\[ = 2\left[ {{{\left( {{a^2}} \right)}^4} + 6{{\left( {{a^2}} \right)}^2}{{\left( {\sqrt {{a^2} - 1} } \right)}^2} + {{\left( {\sqrt {{a^2} - 1} } \right)}^4}} \right]\]

\[ = 2\left[ {\left( {{a^8}} \right) + 6\left( {{a^4}} \right)\left( {{a^2} - 1} \right) + {{\left( {{a^2} - 1} \right)}^2}} \right]\]

\[ = 2\left[ {{a^8} + 6{a^6} - 6{a^4} + {a^4} - 2{a^2} + 1} \right]\]

\[ = 2\left[ {{a^8} + 6{a^6} - 5{a^4} - 2{a^2} + 1} \right]\]

\[ = 2{a^8} + 12{a^6} - 10{a^4} - 4{a^2} + 2\]

Ans: $0.99\, = 1 - 0.01$

${\left( {0.99} \right)^5} = {\left( {1 - 0.01} \right)^5}$

\[^5{C_0}{(1)^5}{ - ^5}{C_1}{(1)^4}\left( {0.01} \right){ - ^5}{C_2}{(1)^3}{\left( {0.01} \right)^2}\]

(Approximately)

$ = 1 - 0.05 + 0.001$

$ = 1.001 - 0.05$

=$ = 0.951$

Thus, the value of ${\left( {0.99} \right)^5}$is approximately 0.951

Ans: ${\left( {1 + \dfrac{x}{2} - \dfrac{2}{x}} \right)^4}$

\[{ = ^n}{C_0}\left( {1 + {{\dfrac{x}{2}}^4}} \right){ - ^n}{C_1}{\left( {1 + {{\dfrac{x}{2}}^4}} \right)^3}\left( {\dfrac{2}{x}} \right) - {\,^n}{C_2}{\left( {1 + {{\dfrac{x}{2}}^4}} \right)^2}{\left( {\dfrac{2}{x}} \right)^2}{ - ^n}{C_3}\left( {1 + {{\dfrac{x}{2}}^4}} \right){\left( {\dfrac{2}{x}} \right)^3}{ - ^n}{C_4}{\left( {\dfrac{2}{x}} \right)^4}\]

\[ = \left( {1 + {{\dfrac{x}{2}}^4}} \right) - 4{\left( {1 + {{\dfrac{x}{2}}^4}} \right)^3}\left( {\dfrac{2}{x}} \right) + \,6\left( {1 + x + {{\dfrac{x}{4}}^2}} \right)\left( {\dfrac{4}{{{x^2}}}} \right) - 4\left( {1 + \dfrac{x}{2}} \right)\left( {\dfrac{8}{{{x^3}}}} \right) + \left( {\dfrac{{16}}{{{x^4}}}} \right)\]

\[ = \left( {1 + {{\dfrac{x}{2}}^4}} \right) - {\left( {1 + {{\dfrac{x}{2}}^4}} \right)^3}\left( {\dfrac{8}{x}} \right) + \,\left( {\dfrac{8}{{{x^2}}}} \right) + \dfrac{{24}}{x} + 6 - \left( {\dfrac{{32}}{{{x^3}}}} \right) + \left( {\dfrac{{16}}{{{x^4}}}} \right)\]…..(1)

Again, by using the Binomial Theorem, we obtain

\[{\left( {1 + \dfrac{x}{2}} \right)^4}{ = ^4}{C_0}{(1)^4}{ + ^4}{C_1}{(1)^3}\left( {\dfrac{x}{2}} \right){ + ^4}{C_2}{(1)^2}{\left( {\dfrac{x}{2}} \right)^2}{ + ^4}{C_3}\,{\left( {\dfrac{x}{2}} \right)^3}{ + ^4}{C_4}{\left( {\dfrac{x}{2}} \right)^4}\]

$ = 1 + 4 \times \dfrac{x}{2} + 6 \times \dfrac{{{x^4}}}{4} + 4 \times \dfrac{{{x^3}}}{8} + \dfrac{{{x^3}}}{{16}}$

$ = 1 + 2x + \dfrac{{3{x^2}}}{2} + \dfrac{{{x^3}}}{2} + \dfrac{{{x^4}}}{{16}}$…..(2)

\[{\left( {1 + \dfrac{x}{2}} \right)^3}{ = ^3}{C_0}{(1)^3}{ + ^3}{C_1}{(1)^2}\left( {\dfrac{x}{2}} \right){ + ^3}{C_2}(1){\left( {\dfrac{x}{2}} \right)^2}{ + ^3}{C_3}\,{\left( {\dfrac{x}{2}} \right)^3}\]

$ = \,1 + \dfrac{{3x}}{2} + \dfrac{{3{x^2}}}{4} + \dfrac{{{x^3}}}{8} + \dfrac{{{x^3}}}{8}$…… (3)

From (1), (2), and (3) we obtain

${\left( {\left( {1 + \dfrac{x}{2}} \right) - \dfrac{2}{x}} \right)^4}$

$ = 1 + 2x + \dfrac{{3{x^2}}}{2} + \dfrac{{{x^3}}}{2} + \dfrac{{{x^4}}}{{16}} - \left( {\dfrac{8}{x}} \right)\left( {1 + \dfrac{{3x}}{2} + \dfrac{{3{x^2}}}{4} + \dfrac{{{x^3}}}{8}} \right) + \dfrac{8}{{{x^2}}} + \dfrac{{24}}{x} + 6 - \dfrac{{32}}{{{x^3}}} + \dfrac{{16}}{{{x^4}}}$

$ = 1 + 2x + \dfrac{{3{x^2}}}{2} + \dfrac{{{x^3}}}{2} + \dfrac{{{x^4}}}{{16}} - \dfrac{8}{x} - 12 - 6x - {x^2} - \dfrac{8}{{{x^2}}} + \dfrac{{24}}{x} + 6 - \dfrac{{32}}{{{x^3}}} + \dfrac{{16}}{{{x^4}}}$

$ = \dfrac{{16}}{x} + \dfrac{8}{{{x^2}}} - \dfrac{{32}}{{{x^3}}} + \dfrac{{16}}{{{x^4}}} - 4x + \dfrac{{{x^2}}}{2} + \dfrac{{{x^3}}}{2} + \dfrac{{{x^4}}}{{16}} - 5$.

Ans: Using the Binomial Theorem, the given expression

${\left( {3{x^2} - 2ax + 3{a^2}} \right)^3}$Can be expanded as

${\left( {3{x^2} - 2ax + 3{a^2}} \right)^3}$

${ = ^3}{C_0}{\left( {3{x^2} - 2ax} \right)^3}{ - ^3}{C_1}{\left( {3{x^2} - 2ax} \right)^2}\left( {3{a^2}} \right){ + ^3}{C_2}\left( {3{x^2} - 2ax} \right){\left( {3{a^2}} \right)^2}{ - ^3}{C_3}{\left( {3{a^2}} \right)^3}$

$ = {\left( {3{x^2} - 2ax} \right)^3} + 3\left( {9{x^4} - 12a{x^3} + 4{a^2}{x^2}} \right)\left( {3{a^2}} \right) + 3\left( {3{x^2} - 2ax} \right)\left( {9{a^4}} \right) + \left( {2{a^6}} \right)$

$ = {\left( {3{x^2} - 2ax} \right)^3} + 81{a^2}{x^4} - 108{a^3}{x^3} + 36{a^4}{x^2} + 81{a^4}{x^2} - 54{a^5}x + 27{a^6}$

$ = {\left( {3{x^2} - 2ax} \right)^3} + 81{a^2}{x^4} - 108{a^3}{x^3} + 117{a^4}{x^2} - 54{a^5}x + 27{a^6}$…. (1)

Again, by using the Binomial Theorem, we obtain

${\left( {3{x^2} - 2ax} \right)^3}$

${ = ^3}{C_0}{\left( {3{x^2}} \right)^3}{ - ^3}{C_1}{\left( {3{x^2}} \right)^2}\left( {2ax} \right){ + ^3}{C_2}\left( {3{x^2}} \right){\left( {2ax} \right)^2}{ - ^3}{C_3}{\left( {2ax} \right)^3}$

\[ = \left( {27{x^6}} \right) - 3\left( {9{x^4}} \right)\left( {2ax} \right) + 3\left( {3{x^2}} \right)\left( {4{a^2}{x^2}} \right) - 8{a^3}{x^3}\]

\[ = 27{x^6} - 54a{x^5} + 36{a^2}{x^4} - 8{a^3}{x^3}\]……… (2)

From (1) and (2), we obtain

${\left( {3{x^2} - 2ax + 3{a^2}} \right)^3}$

\[ = 27{x^6} - 54a{x^5} + 36{a^2}{x^4} - 8{a^3}{x^3} + 81{a^2}{x^4} - 108{a^3}{x^3} + 117{a^4}{x^2} - 54{a^5}x + 27{a^6}\]

\[ = 27{x^6} - 54a{x^5} + 117{a^2}{x^4} - 116{a^3}{x^3} + 117{a^4}{x^2} - 54{a^5}x + 27{a^6}\].