Phenomenology and Existentialism - Contemporary Western Philosophy - Philosophy Previous Year Questions

Read the passage carefully and answer the question:

“Only, unlike Kant, we do not see man as being essentially a positive will. On the contrary, he is first defined as a negativity. He is first at a distance from himself. He can coincide with himself only by agreeing never to rejoin himself. There is within him a perpetual playing with the negative, and he thereby escapes himself, he escapes his freedom. And it is precisely because an evil will is here possible that the words “to will oneself free” have a meaning. Therefore, not only do we assert that the existentialist doctrine permits the elaboration of an ethics, but it even appears to us as the only philosophy in which an ethics has its place. For, in a metaphysics of transcendence, in the classical sense of the term, evil is reduced to error; and in humanistic philosophies it is impossible to account for it, man being defined as complete in a complete world. Existentialism alone gives - like religions - a real role to evil, and it is this, perhaps, which make its judgments so gloomy. Men do not like to feel themselves in danger.”

- Simone de Beauvoir, The Ethics of Ambiguity

Which one of the following claim is made in the passage regarding Existentialism?

How does the ‘natural attitude’ towards the experience of the world get modified to the ‘phenomenological attitude’ in Edmund Husserl’s Phenomenology?
Choose the CORRECT option.

According to Simone de Beauvoir’s The Ethics of Ambiguity, which among the following will NOT hold regarding the notion of ‘subjectivity’?

Jean Paul Sartre ontologically distinguishes a knife from a human being. This distinction depends upon which one of the following theses?

Gita pursues her desires but feels unhappy because she does not feel that she loves herself. What would be Levinas’ advice to her?