Contemporary Western Philosophy - Philosophy Previous Year Questions

Let us consider the cases of Shweta and Rani. While Shweta has access to, and can afford to buy good quality dairy products, she and her spouse decide to pursue a vegan lifestyle. Therefore, she no longer buys milk or dairy-based products for her family. Rani’s family on the other hand, has a meagre income. Although Rani’s children like milk and kheer, Rani refrains from buying milk and instead spends on rice.
In light of the concepts of functioning and capability as defined by Martha Nussbaum, which one of the following options holds for the above cases?

W. V. O. Quine famously writes in ‘Two Dogmas of Empiricism’:

“ ‘The true’, to put it very briefly, is only the expedient in the way of our thinking, just as ‘the right’ is only the expedient in the way of our behaving. Expedient in almost any fashion; and expedient in the long run and on the whole, of course.” Which one of the following philosophers claims this?

Which one of the following options is challenged by G. E. Moore's 'Open Question Argument' concerning meta-ethical positions?

Jean Paul Sartre ontologically distinguishes a knife from a human being. This distinction depends upon which one of the following theses?

Read the passage carefully and answer the question:

“Only, unlike Kant, we do not see man as being essentially a positive will. On the contrary, he is first defined as a negativity. He is first at a distance from himself. He can coincide with himself only by agreeing never to rejoin himself. There is within him a perpetual playing with the negative, and he thereby escapes himself, he escapes his freedom. And it is precisely because an evil will is here possible that the words “to will oneself free” have a meaning. Therefore, not only do we assert that the existentialist doctrine permits the elaboration of an ethics, but it even appears to us as the only philosophy in which an ethics has its place. For, in a metaphysics of transcendence, in the classical sense of the term, evil is reduced to error; and in humanistic philosophies it is impossible to account for it, man being defined as complete in a complete world. Existentialism alone gives - like religions - a real role to evil, and it is this, perhaps, which make its judgments so gloomy. Men do not like to feel themselves in danger.”

- Simone de Beauvoir, The Ethics of Ambiguity

Which one of the following claim is made in the passage regarding Existentialism?