UGC NET ECONOMICS DECEMBER (PAPER II) 2019

Comprehension: Read the following passage and answer the questions from which follow:
The SDGs are global goals, built upon the erstwhile Millenium Development Goals. They are exhaustive, universal and integrated and emphasize on core areas of poverty and inequality, economic growth, innovation, sustainable consumption and production, climate change, peace and justice and partnerships by implementing a comprehensive array of schemes, Current flagship policies and programmes of Government of India such as Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP). Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY). Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana PMJDY. Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gram Jyoti Yojana (DDUGJY) and Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana PMUY have substantially contributed to India’s progress in this regard.
In the Federal context of India, programmes and schemes are basically implemented at the level of States and Union Territories. Tracking of progress on different SDGs. Therefore, is important for appropriate policy actions and building up a competitive spirit among the States and UTs. NITI Aayog has come up with a single measurable index to track the progress of all the States and UTs across 13 out of 17 SDGs (excluding Goal 12. 13. 14 and 17 on account of unavailability of comparable data across States/UTs). This SDG index provides an aggregate assessment of India’s progress. This index helps in informed policy formulations as it captures the status of both national and state-level social, economic and environmental parameters across a set of 62 select indicators. The scores vary from 0 to 100. States with scores equal to greater than 65 are considered as Front-Runners: as Performers in the range of 50-64 and as Aspirants if the score is less than 50. States with an index score of 100 are classified as Achievers, i.e. the states have achieved the national target set for 2030. A score of O denotes worst performance. The SDG Index Score ranges between 42 and 69 for States and between 57 and 68 for UTs.
Estimates suggest that US$5 to US$7 trillion per year is required for financing these goals worldwide and US$3.9 trillion per year in developing countries. However, the current investment in developing countries is around US$1.4 trillion leading to a shortfall of US$2.5 trillion per year (UNCTAD. 2014) Global action of this scale requires strong coordination between different governments, development institutions, private sector and financial institutions for the effective financing and implementation across the globe.
Sustainable development requires every nation to prioritize their targets and carefully implement various schemes/programmes in accordance with local challenges, capacities and available resources. India follows a holistic approach for achieving the SDGs.
The SDG index of Niti Aayog classifies the States/UTs into different categories. Match the category with the respective score:
Select the correct option from those given below:

Comprehension: Read the following passage and answer the questions from which follow:
The SDGs are global goals, built upon the erstwhile Millenium Development Goals. They are exhaustive, universal and integrated and emphasize on core areas of poverty and inequality, economic growth, innovation, sustainable consumption and production, climate change, peace and justice and partnerships by implementing a comprehensive array of schemes, Current flagship policies and programmes of Government of India such as Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP). Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY). Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana PMJDY. Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gram Jyoti Yojana (DDUGJY) and Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana PMUY have substantially contributed to India’s progress in this regard.
In the Federal context of India, programmes and schemes are basically implemented at the level of States and Union Territories. Tracking of progress on different SDGs. Therefore, is important for appropriate policy actions and building up a competitive spirit among the States and UTs. NITI Aayog has come up with a single measurable index to track the progress of all the States and UTs across 13 out of 17 SDGs (excluding Goal 12. 13. 14 and 17 on account of unavailability of comparable data across States/UTs). This SDG index provides an aggregate assessment of India’s progress. This index helps in informed policy formulations as it captures the status of both national and state-level social, economic and environmental parameters across a set of 62 select indicators. The scores vary from 0 to 100. States with scores equal to greater than 65 are considered as Front-Runners: as Performers in the range of 50-64 and as Aspirants if the score is less than 50. States with an index score of 100 are classified as Achievers, i.e. the states have achieved the national target set for 2030. A score of O denotes worst performance. The SDG Index Score ranges between 42 and 69 for States and between 57 and 68 for UTs.
Estimates suggest that US$5 to US$7 trillion per year is required for financing these goals worldwide and US$3.9 trillion per year in developing countries. However, the current investment in developing countries is around US$1.4 trillion leading to a shortfall of US$2.5 trillion per year (UNCTAD. 2014) Global action of this scale requires strong coordination between different governments, development institutions, private sector and financial institutions for the effective financing and implementation across the globe.
Sustainable development requires every nation to prioritize their targets and carefully implement various schemes/programmes in accordance with local challenges, capacities and available resources. India follows a holistic approach for achieving the SDGs.
Which of the following Government of India’s schemes contribute to India’s progress towards the SDGs?
(a) Swachh Bharat Mission
(b) Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana
(c) Pradhan Mantri Saubhagya Yojana
(d) Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana
Select the correct options:

Comprehension: Read the following passage and answer the questions from which follow:
The SDGs are global goals, built upon the erstwhile Millenium Development Goals. They are exhaustive, universal and integrated and emphasize on core areas of poverty and inequality, economic growth, innovation, sustainable consumption and production, climate change, peace and justice and partnerships by implementing a comprehensive array of schemes, Current flagship policies and programmes of Government of India such as Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP). Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY). Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana PMJDY. Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gram Jyoti Yojana (DDUGJY) and Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana PMUY have substantially contributed to India’s progress in this regard.
In the Federal context of India, programmes and schemes are basically implemented at the level of States and Union Territories. Tracking of progress on different SDGs. Therefore, is important for appropriate policy actions and building up a competitive spirit among the States and UTs. NITI Aayog has come up with a single measurable index to track the progress of all the States and UTs across 13 out of 17 SDGs (excluding Goal 12. 13. 14 and 17 on account of unavailability of comparable data across States/UTs). This SDG index provides an aggregate assessment of India’s progress. This index helps in informed policy formulations as it captures the status of both national and state-level social, economic and environmental parameters across a set of 62 select indicators. The scores vary from 0 to 100. States with scores equal to greater than 65 are considered as Front-Runners: as Performers in the range of 50-64 and as Aspirants if the score is less than 50. States with an index score of 100 are classified as Achievers, i.e. the states have achieved the national target set for 2030. A score of O denotes worst performance. The SDG Index Score ranges between 42 and 69 for States and between 57 and 68 for UTs.
Estimates suggest that US$5 to US$7 trillion per year is required for financing these goals worldwide and US$3.9 trillion per year in developing countries. However, the current investment in developing countries is around US$1.4 trillion leading to a shortfall of US$2.5 trillion per year (UNCTAD. 2014) Global action of this scale requires strong coordination between different governments, development institutions, private sector and financial institutions for the effective financing and implementation across the globe.
Sustainable development requires every nation to prioritize their targets and carefully implement various schemes/programmes in accordance with local challenges, capacities and available resources. India follows a holistic approach for achieving the SDGs.
Which of the following is not true for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Comprehension: Read the following passage and answer the questions from which follow:
The SDGs are global goals, built upon the erstwhile Millenium Development Goals. They are exhaustive, universal and integrated and emphasize on core areas of poverty and inequality, economic growth, innovation, sustainable consumption and production, climate change, peace and justice and partnerships by implementing a comprehensive array of schemes, Current flagship policies and programmes of Government of India such as Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP). Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY). Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana PMJDY. Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gram Jyoti Yojana (DDUGJY) and Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana PMUY have substantially contributed to India’s progress in this regard.
In the Federal context of India, programmes and schemes are basically implemented at the level of States and Union Territories. Tracking of progress on different SDGs. Therefore, is important for appropriate policy actions and building up a competitive spirit among the States and UTs. NITI Aayog has come up with a single measurable index to track the progress of all the States and UTs across 13 out of 17 SDGs (excluding Goal 12. 13. 14 and 17 on account of unavailability of comparable data across States/UTs). This SDG index provides an aggregate assessment of India’s progress. This index helps in informed policy formulations as it captures the status of both national and state-level social, economic and environmental parameters across a set of 62 select indicators. The scores vary from 0 to 100. States with scores equal to greater than 65 are considered as Front-Runners: as Performers in the range of 50-64 and as Aspirants if the score is less than 50. States with an index score of 100 are classified as Achievers, i.e. the states have achieved the national target set for 2030. A score of O denotes worst performance. The SDG Index Score ranges between 42 and 69 for States and between 57 and 68 for UTs.
Estimates suggest that US$5 to US$7 trillion per year is required for financing these goals worldwide and US$3.9 trillion per year in developing countries. However, the current investment in developing countries is around US$1.4 trillion leading to a shortfall of US$2.5 trillion per year (UNCTAD. 2014) Global action of this scale requires strong coordination between different governments, development institutions, private sector and financial institutions for the effective financing and implementation across the globe.
Sustainable development requires every nation to prioritize their targets and carefully implement various schemes/programmes in accordance with local challenges, capacities and available resources. India follows a holistic approach for achieving the SDGs.
Which of the following is not correct about the SDGs Index constructed by NITI Aayog?

Comprehension: Read the following passage and answer the questions from which follow:
The SDGs are global goals, built upon the erstwhile Millenium Development Goals. They are exhaustive, universal and integrated and emphasize on core areas of poverty and inequality, economic growth, innovation, sustainable consumption and production, climate change, peace and justice and partnerships by implementing a comprehensive array of schemes, Current flagship policies and programmes of Government of India such as Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP). Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY). Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana PMJDY. Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gram Jyoti Yojana (DDUGJY) and Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana PMUY have substantially contributed to India’s progress in this regard.
In the Federal context of India, programmes and schemes are basically implemented at the level of States and Union Territories. Tracking of progress on different SDGs. Therefore, is important for appropriate policy actions and building up a competitive spirit among the States and UTs. NITI Aayog has come up with a single measurable index to track the progress of all the States and UTs across 13 out of 17 SDGs (excluding Goal 12. 13. 14 and 17 on account of unavailability of comparable data across States/UTs). This SDG index provides an aggregate assessment of India’s progress. This index helps in informed policy formulations as it captures the status of both national and state-level social, economic and environmental parameters across a set of 62 select indicators. The scores vary from 0 to 100. States with scores equal to greater than 65 are considered as Front-Runners: as Performers in the range of 50-64 and as Aspirants if the score is less than 50. States with an index score of 100 are classified as Achievers, i.e. the states have achieved the national target set for 2030. A score of O denotes worst performance. The SDG Index Score ranges between 42 and 69 for States and between 57 and 68 for UTs.
Estimates suggest that US$5 to US$7 trillion per year is required for financing these goals worldwide and US$3.9 trillion per year in developing countries. However, the current investment in developing countries is around US$1.4 trillion leading to a shortfall of US$2.5 trillion per year (UNCTAD. 2014) Global action of this scale requires strong coordination between different governments, development institutions, private sector and financial institutions for the effective financing and implementation across the globe.
Sustainable development requires every nation to prioritize their targets and carefully implement various schemes/programmes in accordance with local challenges, capacities and available resources. India follows a holistic approach for achieving the SDGs.
What is the range of the SDG Index Score for states in India?

Comprehension: Read the following passage and answer questions which follow:
Industrialization and growth
From the global perspective, there seems to be a close association across countries between living standards and the share of resource devoted to industrial activities, at least up to a certain point. In very poor countries there is virtually no industrial activity at all, while the middle- and high-income countries devote 20.40 per cent of resources to industry. Only three countries in the world have become rich on agriculture alone: Australia. New Zealand and Canada. In all other countries, living standards have risen rapidly only as resources have shifted out of agriculture into industry and sophisticated services.
Furthermore, research also shows a close association across countries between the growth of industry and the growth of GDP: or more precisely, that GDP growth is faster the greater the excess of industrial growth relative to GDP growth: that is, when the share of industry in total GDP is rising the fastest. Figure shows this relationship across 131 developing countries over GDP is rising the fastest. Figure shows this relationship across 131 developing countries over the period 2000-2005, with GDP growth measured on the vertical axis and the growth of industry.
on the horizontal axis. The scatter points represents the individual country observations. A line through the points with a slope less than unity shows that the greater the excess of industrial growth over GOP growth, the faster GDP seems to be. The point where this line cuts the 45-degree line gives the average growth rate that divides countries into those where the shares of industry is falling and are growing slowly, and those where the share of industry is rising and are growing fast. A linear equation fitted to the scatter points in Figure gives the following regression result:
g = 2.529 + 0.394 x r2 = 0.507
The equation says that the country with industrial growth one percentage point above the average for all countries will have GDP growth of 0.394 percentage points above the average. and the point where the regression line cuts the 45-degree line is approximately 4.5 per cent. This rate of industry growth separates the slow-growing countries from the faster-growing countries.
The question is: what is special about industry, and particularly manufacturing industry, which accounts for these empirical associations, and which makes industry ‘the engine of growth’? Since differences in the growth of GDP are largely accounted for by differences in the rate of growth of labour productivity, there must be an association between the growth of industry and the growth of labour productivity. This is to be expected for two main reasons. First, if there are increasing returns t-o scale in industry, both static and dynamic, a relation is to be expected between the growth of industrial output and the growth of labour productivity in industry Static economies of scale refer to the economies of large-scale production whereby the mass production of commodities allows them to be produced at a lower average cost. Dynamic economies of scale refer to the induced effect that output growth has on capital accumulation and the embodiment of new technical progress in capital. Labour productivity also increases as output growth through ‘learning by doing’. Second, if activities outside industry, such as agriculture and petty services, are subject to diminishing returns. with the marginal product of labour less than the average product. then if resources are drawn from these activities into industry as industry expands. the average product of labour will rise in non-industrial activities.
These relationships between industrial growth, productivity growth and GDP growth are known in the growth and development literature as Kaldor’s Growth Laws, named after the famous Cambridge economist (Lord) Nicholas Kaldor, who first enunciated them in the 1960s (Kaldor, 1966, 1967)
‘Which one of the following statements is not correct for middle and highly developed countries?