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Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
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65
Duration
180 mins
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ESE & GATE EC - Previous Year Papers
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PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
The current population of a city is 11,02,500. If it has been increasing at the rate of 5% per annum, what was its population 2 years ago?
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
p and q are positive integers and =3, then =
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
The least number of squares that must be added so that the line P-Q becomes the line of symmetry is ____
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
Nostagia is to anticipation as ____ is to ____ Which one of the following maintains a similar logical relation in the above sentence?
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
Consider the following sentences:
(i) I woke up from sleep.
(ii) I woked up from sleep.
(iii) I was woken up from sleep.
(iv) I was wokened up from sleep.
Which of the above sentences are grammatically CORRECT?
(i) I woke up from sleep.
(ii) I woked up from sleep.
(iii) I was woken up from sleep.
(iv) I was wokened up from sleep.
Which of the above sentences are grammatically CORRECT?
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
Given below are two statements and two conclusions.
Statement 1: All purple are green.
Statement 2: All black are green.
Conclusion I: Some black are purple.
Conclusion II: No black is purple.
Based on the above statements and conclusions, which one of the following is logically CORRECT?
Statement 1: All purple are green.
Statement 2: All black are green.
Conclusion I: Some black are purple.
Conclusion II: No black is purple.
Based on the above statements and conclusions, which one of the following is logically CORRECT?
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
Computes are ubiquitous. They are used to improve efficiency in almost all fields from agriculture to space exploration. Artificial intelligence (AI) is currently a hot topic. AI enables computers to learn, given enough training data. For humans sitting in front of a computer for long hours can lead to health issues.
Which of the following can be deducted from the above passage?
(i) Nowadays, computers are present in almost all places.
(ii) Computers cannot be used for solving problems in engineering.
(iii) For humans, there are both positive and negative effects of using computers.
(iv) Artificial intelligence can be done without data.
Which of the following can be deducted from the above passage?
(i) Nowadays, computers are present in almost all places.
(ii) Computers cannot be used for solving problems in engineering.
(iii) For humans, there are both positive and negative effects of using computers.
(iv) Artificial intelligence can be done without data.
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
Consider a square sheet of side 1 unit. In the first step, it is cut along the main diagonal to get two triangles, In the next step, one of the triangles is revolved about its short edge to form a solid cone. The volume of the resulting cone, in cubic units, is ____
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
The number of minutes spent by two students, X and Y, exercising every day in a given week are shown in the bar chart above. The number of days in the given week in which one of the students spent a minimum of 10% more than the other student, on a given day, is
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
Corners are cut from an equilateral triangle to produce a regular convex hexagon as shown in the figure above.
The ratio of the area of the regular convex hexagon to the area off the original equilateral triangle is
The ratio of the area of the regular convex hexagon to the area off the original equilateral triangle is
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
The refractive indices of the core and cladding of an optical fiber are 1.50 and 1.48, respectively. The critical propagation angle, which is defined as the maximum angle that the light beam makes with the axis of the optical fiber to achieve the total internal reflection. (rounded off to two decimal places) is ____ degree.
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
Consider a rectangular coordinate system (x,y,z) with unit vectors ax. ay and az. A plane wave travelling in the region z≥ 0 with electric field vector = 10 Cos (2 x 108t + βz)ay is incident normally on the plane at z =0, where β is the phase constant. The region z≥ 0 is in free space and the region Z<0 is filled with a lossless medium (permittivity ϵ = ϵ0, permeability μ = 4μ0, where ϵ0 = 8.85 x 10-12 F/m and μ0 = 4π x 10-7 H/m). The value of the reflection coefficient is
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
Two continuous random variables X and Y are related as
Y = 2X + 3
Let and denotes the variances of X and Y respectively. The variances are related as
Y = 2X + 3
Let and denotes the variances of X and Y respectively. The variances are related as
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
A speech signal band limited to 4 kHz, is sampled at 1.25 times the Nyquist rate. The speech samples, assumed to be statistically independent and uniformly distributed in the range -5 V to +5 V, are subsequently quantized in an 8-bit uniform quantizer and then transmitted over a voice-grade AWGN telephone channel. If the ratio of transmitted signal power to channel noise power is 26 dB, the minimum channel bandwidth required to ensure reliable transmission of the signal with arbitrarily small probability of transmission error (rounded off to two decimal places) is _____ kHz.
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
A 4 kHz sinusoidal message signal having amplitude 4 V is fed to a delta modulator (DM) operating at a sampling rate of 32 kHz. The minimum step size required to avoid slope overload noise in the DM (rounded off to two decimal places) is ______ V.
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
Consider a carrier signal which is amplitude modulated by a single-tone sinusoidal message signal with a a modulation index of 50%. If the carrier and one of the sidebands are suppressed in the modulated signal. The percentage of power saved (rounded off to one decimal place) is ____
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
The autocorrelation function Rx(τ) of a wide-sense stationary random process X(t) is shown in the figure.
The average of X(t) is _______
The average of X(t) is _______
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
The block diagram of a feedback control system is shown in the figure.
The transfer function of the system is
The transfer function of the system is
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
The complete Nyquist plot of the open-loop transfer function G(s) H(s) of a feedback control system is shown in the figure.
If G(s) H(s) has one zero in the right-half of the s-plane, the number of poles that the closed-loop system will have in the right-half of the s-plane is
If G(s) H(s) has one zero in the right-half of the s-plane, the number of poles that the closed-loop system will have in the right-half of the s-plane is
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
Consider a real-valued base-band signal x(t), band limited to 10 kHz. The Nyquist rate for the signal y(t) = x(t) x is
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
Consider two 16-point sequences x[n] and h[n]. Let the linear convolution of x[n] and h[n] be denoted by y[n], while z[n] denotes the 16-point inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) of the product of the 16-point DFTs of x[n] and h[n]. The value(s) of k for which z[k] = y[k] is/are
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
Consider the circuit shown in the figure.
The value of v0 (rounded off to one decimal place) is ____ V.
The value of v0 (rounded off to one decimal place) is ____ V.
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
Consider the circuit shown in the figure The current I flowing through the 7 Ω resistor between P and Q (rounded off to one decimal place) is _____________A
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
If (1235)x =(3033)y, where x and y indicate the bases of the corresponding numbers, then
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
Addressing of a 32K x 16 memory is realized using a single decoder. The minimum number of AND gates required for the decoder is
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
An 8-bit unipolar (all analog output values are positive) digital-to-analog converter (DAC) has a full-scale voltage range from O V to 7.68 V. If the digital input code is 10010110 (the leftmost bit is MSB). then the Analog output voltage of the DAC (rounded off to one decimal place) is_________V.
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
For the circuit with an ideal OPAMP shown in the figure, VREF is fixed.
If VOUT =1 volt for VIN = 0.1 volt and VOUT = 6volt for VIN =1 volt, where VOUT is measured across RL connected at the output of this OPAMP, the value of RF/RIN is
If VOUT =1 volt for VIN = 0.1 volt and VOUT = 6volt for VIN =1 volt, where VOUT is measured across RL connected at the output of this OPAMP, the value of RF/RIN is
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
Consider the circuit with an ideal OPAMP shown in the figure.
Assuming |VIN| ≪ |VCC| and |VREF| ≪ |VCC|, the condition at which VOUT equals to zero is
Assuming |VIN| ≪ |VCC| and |VREF| ≪ |VCC|, the condition at which VOUT equals to zero is
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
In the circuit shown in the figure, the transistors M1 and M2 are operating in saturation. The channel length modulation coefficients of both the transistors are non-zero. The transconductance of the MOSFETs M1 and M2 are gm1 and gm2 respectively and internal resistance of MOSFETS M1 and M2 are r01 and r02, respectively. Ignoring the body effect, the ac small signal gain (∂Vout/∂Vin) of the circuit is
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
The energy band diagram of a p-type semiconductor bar of length L under equilibrium condition (i.e., the Fermi energy level EF is constant) is shown in the figure. The valance band EV is sloped since doping is non-uniform along the bar. The difference between the energy levels of the valence at the two edges of the bar is Δ.
If the changes of an electron is q, then the magnitude of the electric filed developed inside this semiconductor bar is
If the changes of an electron is q, then the magnitude of the electric filed developed inside this semiconductor bar is
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
A bar of silicon is doped with boron concentration of 1016 cm-3 and assumed to be fully ionized. It is exposed to light such that electron-hole pairs are generated throughout the volume of the bar at the rate of 1020 cm-3s-1. If the recombination lifetime is 100 μs, intrinsic carrier concentration of silicon is 1010 cm-3 and assuming 100% ionization of boron, then the approximate product of steady-state electron and hole concentrations due to this light exposure is
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
The vector function F(r) = -x + y is defined over a circular are C shown in the figure.
The line integral of is
The line integral of is
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
Consider the differential equation given below.
The integrating factor of the differential equation is
The integrating factor of the differential equation is
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
If the vectors (1.0, -1.0, 2.0), (7.0, 3.0, x) and (2.0, 3.0, 1.0) in R3 are linearly dependent the value of x is ______
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
Consider the vector field F = ax (4y- c1z) + ay(4x + 2z) + az(2y + z) in a rectangular coordinate system (x,y,z) with unit vectors ax, ay, and az. If the field F is irrotational (conservative), then the constant c1 (in integer) is _____
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
A standard air-filled rectangular waveguide with dimensions a = 8 cm, b = 4 cm, operates at 3.4 GHz. For the dominant mode of wave propagation, the phase velocity of the signal is vp. The value (rounded off to two decimal places) of vp/c, where c donates the velocity of light, is ____
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
For a vector field D = ρcos2 Φ aρ + z2sin2 Φa Φ in a cylindrical coordinates system (ρ, Φ,z) with unit vectors aρ, aΦ and az, the net flux of D leaving the closed surface of the cylinder (ρ=3, 0 ≤ z ≤ 2) (rounded off to two decimal places) is _____
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
The impedance matching network shown in the figure is to match a lossless line having characteristic impedance Z0 = 50 Ω with a load impedance ZL. A quarter-wave line having a characteristic impedance z1 = 75 Ω is connected to ZL. Two stubs having characteristic impedance of 75 Ω each are connected to this quarter-wave line. One is a short-circuited (S.C) stub of length 0.25 λ connected across PQ and the other one is an open-circuited (O.C) stub of length 0.5 λ connected across RS.
The impedance matching is achieved when the real part of ZL is
The impedance matching is achieved when the real part of ZL is
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
An antenna with a directive gain of 6 dB is radiating a total power of 16 kW. The amplitude of the electric field in free space at a distance of 8 km from the antenna in the direction of 6 dB gain (rounded off to three decimal places) is ____ V/m.
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
Consider a polar non-return to zero (NRZ) waveform using +2 V and -2 V for representing binary ‘1’ and ‘0’ respectively, is transmitted in the presence of additive zero-mean white Gaussian noise with variance 0.4 V2. If the a priori probability of transmission of a binary ‘1’ is 0.4, the optimum threshold voltage for a maximum a posteriori (MAP) receiver (rounded off to two decimal places) is ____ V.
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
A sinusoidal message signal having root mean square value of 4 V and frequency of 1 kHz is fed to a phase modulator with phase deviation constant 2 rad/volt. If the carrier signal is c(t) = 2 cos (2π106t), the maximum instantaneous frequency of the phase modulated signal (rounded off to one decimal place) is _____ Hz.
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
A digital transmission system uses a (7,4) systematic linear Hamming code for transmitting data over a noisy channel. If three of the message –codeword pairs in this code (mi ; ci) where ci is the codeword corresponding to the ith message mi, are known to be (1100;0101100), (1110;0022220) and (0110 ; 1000110), then which of the following is a valid codeword in this code?
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
In high school having equal number of boy students and girls, 75% of the students study Science and the remaining 25% students study Commerce. Commerce students are two times more likely to be a boy than are Science students. The amount of information gained in knowing that a randomly selected girl student studies Commerce (rounded off to three decimal places) is ___ bits
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
Consider a super heterodyne receiver tuned to 600 kHz. If the local oscillator feeds a 1000 kHz signal to the mixer, the image frequency ( in integer) is ____ kHz.
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
A message signal having peak-to-peak value of 2 V, root mean square value of 0.1 V and bandwidth of 5 kHz is sampled and fed to a pulse code modulation (PCM) system that uses a uniform quantizer. The PCM output is transmitted over a channel that can support a maximum transmission rate of 50 kbps. Assuming that the quantization error is uniformly distributed, the maximum signal to quantization noise ratio that can be obtained by the PCM system (rounded off to two decimal places) is ___
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
A unity feedback system that uses proportional- integral (PI) control is shown in the figure.
The stability of the overall system is controlled by tuning the PI control parameters KP and KI. The maximum value of KI that can be chosen so as to keep the overall system stable or, in the worst case, marginally stable (rounded off to three decimal places) is ____
The stability of the overall system is controlled by tuning the PI control parameters KP and KI. The maximum value of KI that can be chosen so as to keep the overall system stable or, in the worst case, marginally stable (rounded off to three decimal places) is ____
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
The electrical system shown in the figure converts input source current iS(t) to output voltage vo(t)
Current iL(t) in the inductor and voltage vc(t) across the capacitor are taken as the state variables, both assumed to be initially equal to zero, i.e., iL(0) = 0 and v0(0) = 0 The system is
Current iL(t) in the inductor and voltage vc(t) across the capacitor are taken as the state variables, both assumed to be initially equal to zero, i.e., iL(0) = 0 and v0(0) = 0 The system is
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
The circuit in the figure contains a current source driving a load having an inductor and a resistor in series, with a shunt capacitor across the load. The ammeter is assumed to have zero resistance. The switch is closed at time t = Initially, when the switch is open, the capacitor is discharged and the ammeter reads zero ampere. After the switch is closed, the ammeter reading keeps fluctuating for some time till it settles to a final steady value. The maximum ammeter reading that one will observe after the switch is closed (rounded of to two decimal places) is _____A
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
For a unit step input u[n], a discrete-time LTI system produces an output signal (2δ[n +1] + δ[n] + δ[n-1] ). Let y[n] be the output of the system for an input . The value of y[0] is _____
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
The exponential Fourier series representation of a continuous-time periodic signal x(t) is defined as
X(t) = Where ω0 is the fundamental angular frequency of x(t) and the coefficients of the series are ak. The following information is given about x(t) and ak.
I. X(t) x(t) is real and even, having a fundamental period of 6
II. The average value of x(t) is 2
III. The average power of the signal x(t) (rounded off to one decimal place) is ____
X(t) = Where ω0 is the fundamental angular frequency of x(t) and the coefficients of the series are ak. The following information is given about x(t) and ak.
I. X(t) x(t) is real and even, having a fundamental period of 6
II. The average value of x(t) is 2
III. The average power of the signal x(t) (rounded off to one decimal place) is ____
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
Consider the signals x[n] = 2n – 1 u[–n + 2] and y[n] = 2–n + 2 u[n + 1].
Where u[n] is the unit step sequence. Let X(ejω) and Y(ejω) be the discrete-time Fourier transform of x[n] and y[n], respectively. The value of the integral
(rounded off to one decimal place) is _________
Where u[n] is the unit step sequence. Let X(ejω) and Y(ejω) be the discrete-time Fourier transform of x[n] and y[n], respectively. The value of the integral
(rounded off to one decimal place) is _________
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
The switch in the circuit in the figure is in position P for a long time and moved to position Q at time t = 0
The value of at t = 0+ is
The value of at t = 0+ is
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
Consider the two-port network shown in the figure.
The admittance parameters, in Siemens, are
The admittance parameters, in Siemens, are
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
In the circuit shown in the figure the switch is closed at time t = 0, while the capacitor is initially charged to -5 V (i.e., vc (0) = -5V).
The time after which the voltage across the capacitor becomes zero (rounded off to three decimal places) is ____ ms.
The time after which the voltage across the capacitor becomes zero (rounded off to three decimal places) is ____ ms.
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
The content of the registers are R1 = 25H, R2 = 30H and R3 = 40H. The following machine instructions are executed.
PUSH{R1}
PUSH{R2}
PUSH{R3}
POP{R1}
POP{R2}
POP{R3}
After execution, the content of registers R1, R2, R3 are
PUSH{R1}
PUSH{R2}
PUSH{R3}
POP{R1}
POP{R2}
POP{R3}
After execution, the content of registers R1, R2, R3 are
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
The propagation delay of the exclusive-OR (XOR) gate in the circuit in the figure is 3 ns. The propagation delay of all the flip-flops is assumed to be zero. The clock (Clk) frequency provided to the circuit is 500 MHz.
Starting from the initial value of the flip-flop outputs Q2 Q1 Q0 = 1 1 1 with D2 = 1, the minimum number of triggering clock edges after which the flip-flop outputs Q2 Q1 Q0 becomes 1 0 0 (in integer) is _____
Starting from the initial value of the flip-flop outputs Q2 Q1 Q0 = 1 1 1 with D2 = 1, the minimum number of triggering clock edges after which the flip-flop outputs Q2 Q1 Q0 becomes 1 0 0 (in integer) is _____
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
The propagation delays of the XOR gate, AND gate and multiplexer (MUX) in the circuit shown in the figure are 4ns, 2ns and 1 ns, respectively. If all the inputs P, Q, R, S and T are applied simultaneously and held constant, the maximum propagation delay of the circuit is
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
An asymmetrical periodic pulse train vin of 10 V amplitude with on-time TON = 1 ms and off-time TOFF=1 μs is applied to the circuit shown in the figure. The diode D1 is ideal.
The difference between the maximum voltage and minimum voltage of the output waveform vo (in integer) is ____V.
The difference between the maximum voltage and minimum voltage of the output waveform vo (in integer) is ____V.
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
A circuit with an ideal OPAMP is shown in the figure. A pulse VIN of 20 ms duration is applied to the input. The capacitors are initially unchanged.
The output voltage VOUT of this circuit at t = 0+ (in integer) is ____ V.
The output voltage VOUT of this circuit at t = 0+ (in integer) is ____ V.
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
For the transistor M1 in the circuit shown in the figure, μnCOX = 100μA/V2 and (W/L) = 10, where μn is the mobility of electron. COX is the oxide capacitance per unit area. W is the width and L is the length.
The channel length modulation coefficient is ignored. If the gate-to-source voltage VGS is 1 V to keep the transistor at the edge of saturation, then the threshold voltage of the transistor (rounded off to one decimal place) is _____ V.
The channel length modulation coefficient is ignored. If the gate-to-source voltage VGS is 1 V to keep the transistor at the edge of saturation, then the threshold voltage of the transistor (rounded off to one decimal place) is _____ V.
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
A silicon P-N junction is shown in the figure. The doping in the P region is 5 x 1016 cm-3 and doping in the N region is 10 x 1016 cm-3. The parameters given are
Built-in voltage(Φbi) = 0.8 V
Electron charge (q) = 1.6 x 10-19 C
Vacuum permittivity (ϵ0) = 8.85 x 10-12 F/m
Relative permittivity of silicon (ϵSi) = 12
The magnitude of reverse bias voltage that would completely deplete one of the two regions (P or N) prior to the other (rounded off to one decimal place) is ____ V.
Built-in voltage(Φbi) = 0.8 V
Electron charge (q) = 1.6 x 10-19 C
Vacuum permittivity (ϵ0) = 8.85 x 10-12 F/m
Relative permittivity of silicon (ϵSi) = 12
The magnitude of reverse bias voltage that would completely deplete one of the two regions (P or N) prior to the other (rounded off to one decimal place) is ____ V.
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
For an n-channel silicon MOSFET with 10 nm gate oxide thickness, the substrate sensitivity (∂VT/∂|VBS|) is found to be 50 mV/V at a substrate voltage |VBS| = 2 V, where VT is the threshold voltage of the MOSFET. Assume that, |VBS| ≫ 2ΦB , where qΦB is the separation between the Fermi energy level EF and the intrinsic level Ei in the bulk. Parameters given are
Electron charge (q) = 1.6 x 10-19 C
Vacuum permittivity (ϵ0) = 8.85 x 10-12 F/m
Relative permittivity of silicon (ϵSi) = 12
Relative permittivity of oxide (ϵOX) = 4
The doping concentration of the substrate is
Electron charge (q) = 1.6 x 10-19 C
Vacuum permittivity (ϵ0) = 8.85 x 10-12 F/m
Relative permittivity of silicon (ϵSi) = 12
Relative permittivity of oxide (ϵOX) = 4
The doping concentration of the substrate is
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
Consider the integral
Where C is a counter-clockwise oriented circle defined as |x – i| = 2. The value of the integral is
Where C is a counter-clockwise oriented circle defined as |x – i| = 2. The value of the integral is
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
A box contains the following three coins.
I. A fair coin with head on one face and tail on the other face.
II. A coin with heads on both the faces.
III. A coin with tails on both the faces.
A coin is picked randomly from the box and tossed. Out of the two remaining coins in the box, one coin is then picked randomly and tossed. If the first toss results in a head the probability of getting a head in the second toss is
I. A fair coin with head on one face and tail on the other face.
II. A coin with heads on both the faces.
III. A coin with tails on both the faces.
A coin is picked randomly from the box and tossed. Out of the two remaining coins in the box, one coin is then picked randomly and tossed. If the first toss results in a head the probability of getting a head in the second toss is
PYP
Electronics & Communication Engineering (EC) 2021
A real 2 x 2 non-singular matrix A with repeated eigenvalue is given as
A = Where x is a real positive number. The value of x (rounded off to one decimal place) is _______
A = Where x is a real positive number. The value of x (rounded off to one decimal place) is _______
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