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NCERT · Class 12 · Maths

Chapter 10: Vector Algebra

Practice each question, then open the answer or worked solution.

Miscellaneous Exercise

19 questions
Q11Written answer

Show that the direction cosines of a vector equally inclined to the axes OX, OY and OZ  are $\dfrac{1}{{\sqrt 3 }}$ $\dfrac{1}{{\sqrt 3 }},\dfrac{1}{{\sqrt 3 }}$.

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Worked solution

Ans: Let a vector be equally inclined to ${\text{OX}},{\text{OY}}$, and ${\text{OZ}}$ at an angle $\alpha $.

So, the Direction Cosines of the vector are $\cos \alpha ,\cos \alpha $and $\cos \alpha $.

${\cos ^2}\alpha  + {\cos ^2}\alpha  + {\cos ^2}\alpha  = 1$

$ \Rightarrow 3{\cos ^2}\alpha  = 1$

$ \Rightarrow \cos \alpha  = \dfrac{1}{{\sqrt 3 }}$

So, the DCs of the vector are $\dfrac{1}{{\sqrt 3 }},\dfrac{1}{{\sqrt 3 }},\dfrac{1}{{\sqrt 3 }}$.


Q12Written answer

Let $\vec a = \hat i + 4\hat j + 2\hat k$ and $\vec b = 3\hat i - 2\hat j + 7\hat k$ and $\vec c = 2\hat i - \hat j + 4\hat k$. Find a vector $\vec d$ which is

perpendicular to both $\vec a$ and $\vec b$ and $\vec c \cdot \vec d = 15$ 

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Worked solution

Ans: $\vec d = {d_1}\hat i + {d_2}\hat \jmath  + {d_3}\hat k$

$\vec d\;.\;\vec a = 0 \Rightarrow {d_1} + 4{d_2} + 2{d_3} = 0$

$\vec d\;.\;\vec b = 0 \Rightarrow 3{d_1} - 2{d_2} + 7{d_3} = 0$

$\vec c \cdot \vec d = 15 \Rightarrow 2{d_1} - {d_2} + 4{d_3} = 15$

Solving these equations, we get ${d_1} = \dfrac{{160}}{3},{d_2} =  - \dfrac{5}{3},{d_3} =  - \dfrac{{70}}{3}$

$\therefore \vec d = \dfrac{{160}}{3}\hat i + \dfrac{5}{3}\widehat j + \dfrac{{70}}{3}\hat k = \dfrac{1}{3}(160\hat i + 5\hat j + 70\hat k)$


Q13Written answer

The scalar product of the vector $\hat i + \hat j + \hat k$ with a unit vector along the sum of vectors $2\hat i + 4\hat j - 5\hat k$ änd $\lambda \hat i + 2\hat j + 3\hat k$ is equal to one. Find the value of $\lambda $. 

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Worked solution

Ans: $(2\hat i + 4\hat j - 5\hat k) + (\lambda \hat i + 2\hat j + 3\hat k) = (2 + \lambda )\hat i + 6\hat j - 2\hat k$

So, unit vector along $(2\hat i + 4\hat j - 5\hat k) + (\lambda \hat i + 2\hat j + 3\hat k)$ is $\left( {\dfrac{{(2 + \lambda )\hat i + 6\hat j - 2\hat k}}{{\sqrt {{\lambda ^2} + 4\lambda  + 44} }}} \right)$

$(\hat i + \hat j + \hat k) \cdot \left( {\dfrac{{(2 + \lambda )\hat i + 6\hat j - 2\hat k}}{{\sqrt {{\lambda ^2} + 4\lambda  + 44} }}} \right) = 1$

$ \Rightarrow \dfrac{{(2 + \lambda ) + 6 - 2}}{{\sqrt {{\lambda ^2} + 4\lambda  + 44} }} = 1$

$ \Rightarrow \sqrt {{\lambda ^2} + 4\lambda  + 44}  = \lambda  + 6$

$ \Rightarrow {\lambda ^2} + 4\lambda  + 44 = {(\lambda  + 6)^2}$

$ \Rightarrow {\lambda ^2} + 4\lambda  + 44 = {\lambda ^2} + 12\lambda  + 36$

$ \Rightarrow 8\lambda  = 8$

$ \Rightarrow \lambda  = 1$


Q14Written answer

If $\vec a,\vec b,\vec c$ are mutually perpendicular vectors of equal magnitudes, show that the vector $\vec a + \vec b + \vec c$ is equally inclined to $\vec a\;,\;\vec b$ and $\vec c$. 

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Worked solution

Ans: $\vec a\;.\;\vec b = \vec b\;.\;\vec c = \vec c\;.\;\vec a = 0$

$|\vec a| = |\vec b| = |\vec c|$

Let $\vec a + \vec b + \vec c$ be inclined to $\vec a,\vec b,\vec c$ at angles ${\theta _1},{\theta _2},{\theta _3}$ respectively. $\cos {\theta _1} = \dfrac{{(\vec a + \vec b + \vec c) \cdot \vec a}}{{|\vec a + \vec b + \vec c||\vec a\mid }} = \dfrac{{\vec a \cdot \vec a + \vec b \cdot \vec a + \vec c \cdot \vec a}}{{|\vec a + \vec b + \vec c||\vec a\mid }} = \dfrac{{|\vec a{|^2}}}{{|\vec a + \vec b + \vec c||\vec a|}} = \dfrac{{|\vec a|}}{{|\vec a + \vec b + \vec c|}}$

$\cos {\theta _2} = \dfrac{{(\vec a + \vec b + \vec c)\vec b}}{{|\vec a + \vec b + \vec c||\vec b\mid }} = \dfrac{{\vec a\vec b + \vec b\vec b + \vec c\vec b}}{{|\vec a + \vec b + \vec c||\vec b\mid }} = \dfrac{{|\vec b{|^2}}}{{|\vec a + \vec b + \vec c||\vec b|}} = \dfrac{{|\vec b|}}{{|\vec a + \vec b + \vec c|}}$

$\operatorname{os} {\theta _3} = \dfrac{{(\vec a + \vec b + \vec c) \cdot \vec c}}{{|\vec a + \vec b + \vec c||\bar c|}} = \dfrac{{\vec a\vec c + \vec b\vec c + \vec c\vec c}}{{|\vec a + \vec b + \vec c||\vec c\mid }} = \dfrac{{|\vec c{|^2}}}{{|\vec a + \vec b + \vec c||\vec c|}} = \dfrac{{|\vec c|}}{{|\vec a + \vec b + \vec c|}}$

Since, $|\vec a| = |\vec b| = |\vec c|\; \Rightarrow \;\cos {\theta _1} = \cos {\theta _2} = \cos {\theta _3}$, So, ${\theta _1} = {\theta _2} = {\theta _3}$


Q15Written answer

Prove that, $(\vec a + \vec b) \cdot (\vec a + \vec b) = \;|\vec a{|^2} + |\vec b{|^2}$ if and only if $\vec a,\vec b$ are perpendicular, given $\vec a \ne \vec 0,\vec b \ne 0$

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Worked solution

Ans: $(\vec a + \vec b) \cdot (\vec a + \vec b) = |\vec a{|^2} + |\vec b{|^2}$

$ \Rightarrow \vec a \cdot \vec a + \vec a\;.\;\vec b + \vec b \cdot \vec a + \vec b\;.\;\vec b = |\vec a{|^2} + |\vec b{|^2}$

$ \Rightarrow |\vec a{|^2} + 2\vec a\;.\;\vec b + |\vec b{|^2} = |a{|^2} + |\vec b{|^2}$

$ \Rightarrow 2\vec a\;.\;\vec b = 0$

$ \Rightarrow \vec a\;.\;\vec b = 0$

So $\vec a$ and $\vec b$ are perpendicular.


Q16Multiple choice

If $\theta $ is the angle between two vectors $\vec a$ and $\vec b$, then $\vec a\vec b \geqslant 0$ only when

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Worked solution

Ans: $\therefore \vec a\vec b \geqslant 0$

$ \Rightarrow |\vec a||\vec b|\cos \theta  \geqslant 0$

$ \Rightarrow \cos \theta  \geqslant 0\quad \because [|\vec a| \geqslant 0$ and $|\vec b| \geqslant 0]$

$ \Rightarrow 0 \leqslant \theta  \leqslant \dfrac{\pi }{2}$

$\vec a \cdot \vec b \geqslant 0$ if $0 \leqslant \theta  \leqslant \dfrac{\pi }{2}$

So the right answer is B


Q17Multiple choice

Let $\vec a$ and $\vec b$ be two unit vectors and $\theta $ is the angle between them. Then $\vec a + \vec b$ is a unit vector if

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Worked solution

Ans: $|\vec a| = |\vec b| = 1$

$|\vec a + \vec b| = 1$

$ \Rightarrow (\vec a + \overrightarrow b )(\vec a + \overrightarrow b ) = 1$

$ \Rightarrow \vec a \cdot \vec a + \vec a\;.\;\vec b + \vec b\;.\;\vec a + \vec b\;.\;\vec b = 1$

$ \Rightarrow |\vec a{|^2} + 2\vec a\;.\;\vec b + |\overrightarrow b {|^2} = 1$

$ \Rightarrow {1^2} + 2|\vec a||\vec b|\cos \theta  + {1^2} = 1$

$ \Rightarrow 1 + 2.1.1\cos \theta  + 1 = 1$

$ \Rightarrow \cos \theta  =  - \dfrac{1}{2}$

$ \Rightarrow \theta  = \dfrac{{2\pi }}{3}$

So, $\vec a + \vec b$ is unit vector if $\theta  = \dfrac{{2\pi }}{3}$ 

The correct answer is D


Q18Written answer

The value of $\hat i.(\hat j \times \hat k) + \hat j \cdot (\hat i \times \hat k) + \hat k \cdot (\hat i \times \hat j)$ is

$\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {{\text{ a. }}0}&{{\text{ b. }} - 1}&{{\text{ c. }}1}&{{\text{ d. }}3} \end{array}$

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Worked solution

Ans:

$\hat i \cdot (\hat j \times \hat k) + \hat j \cdot (\hat i \times \hat k) + \hat k \cdot (\hat i \times \hat j)$

$ = \hat i\;.\;\hat i + \hat j \cdot ( - \hat j) + \hat k\;.\;\hat k$

$ = 1 - 1 + 1$

$ = 1$

The correct answer is C.


Q19Multiple choice

If $\theta $ is the angle between any two vectors $\vec a$ and $\vec b$, then $|\vec a\vec b| = |\vec a \times \vec b|$ when $\theta $ is equal to

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Worked solution

Ans: $|\vec a\vec b| = |\vec a \times \vec b|$

$ \Rightarrow |\vec a|\vec b|\cos \theta  = |\vec a||\vec b\mid \sin \theta $

$ \Rightarrow \cos \theta  = \sin \theta $

$ \Rightarrow \tan \theta  = 1$

$ \Rightarrow \theta  = \dfrac{\pi }{4}$

The correct answer is B