Mechanical Properties of Hard and Soft Tissues - Biomechanics - Biomedical Engineering Previous Year Questions

1

2020 · Biomedical Engineering · Biomechanics · Mechanical Properties of Hard and Soft Tissues

Biomedical Engineering (BM) 2020

The equipment that measures elasticity of blood vessel in vivo is

A

Rheometer

B

Dimension analyser

C

Thermomechanical analyser

D

Dynamic mechanical analyser

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2

2020 · Biomedical Engineering · Biomechanics · Mechanical Properties of Hard and Soft Tissues

Biomedical Engineering (BM) 2020

The glomerulus filtration process of kidney is modeled as a flat membrane with pores of radius 1 nm and length of pore 60 nm. The viscosity of the fluid is 0.002 Pa s. The aggregate area of the pores makeup 5% of total surface area of the membrane. The average pressure on the blood side of the membrane is 8000 Pa and on the ultrafiltrate side is 6200 Pa. The total available area of membrane is 1.5 m². The nearest value of resulting filtration rate in cm³/min is

A

0.14

B

1.40

C

8.43

D

84.37

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3

2020 · Biomedical Engineering · Biomechanics · Mechanical Properties of Hard and Soft Tissues

Biomedical Engineering (BM) 2020

The temperature of bone cement is increased from 37°C to 87°C during the femoral hip arthroplasty. The cement thickness is noted to be 20 mm. The stress developed due to exothermic reaction of bone cement during the polymerization process and shrinkage of the bone cement, respectively, are Assume that (i) bone, cement, and implant are modeled as a set of concentric cylinders (ii) no direct adhesion takes place between bone and cement (iii) temperature is uniform Coefficient of thermal expansion of bone cement = 90 × 10⁻⁶/°C Young’s modulus of bone cement = 3.5 GPa

A

15.75 MPa, 90 μm

B

15.75 MPa, 110 μm

C

6.85 MPa, 110 μm

D

6.85 MPa, 90 μm

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4

2021 · Biomedical Engineering · Biomechanics · Mechanical Properties of Hard and Soft Tissues

Biomedical Engineering (BM) 2021

If we consider blood as a suspension of RBCs in a Newtonian fluid, the shear forces experienced by the RBCs during blood flow would ________.

A

Randomize the orientation of blood cells

B

Align RBCs along their long axes with streamlines

C

Align RBCs along their short axes with streamlines

D

Create an equal distribution of RBCs aligned in their long and short axes

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5

2021 · Biomedical Engineering · Biomechanics · Mechanical Properties of Hard and Soft Tissues

Biomedical Engineering (BM) 2021

Which of the following is a bone resorbing cell?

A

Osteoblasts

B

Osteoclasts

C

Osteocytes

D

Osteocalcin

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6

2021 · Biomedical Engineering · Biomechanics · Mechanical Properties of Hard and Soft Tissues

Biomedical Engineering (BM) 2021

A novel biomaterial was tested for its tensile properties. The experiment was conducted using a cylindrical sample of this material, which was 10 cm long with 1 cm diameter. When a tensile force of 50 kN was applied, this cylindrical sample elongated by 4 mm. Based on the experimental results described above and the tensile moduli of different tissues given in the table below, this biomaterial would be a suitable replacement for ________.

Tissue	Tensile modulus
Bone	5 – 20 GPa
Tendon	0.5 – 1 GPa
Ligament	20 – 400 MPa
Articular cartilage	3 – 10 MPa

A

Bone

B

Tendon

C

Ligament

D

Articular cartilage

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7

2021 · Biomedical Engineering · Biomechanics · Mechanical Properties of Hard and Soft Tissues

Biomedical Engineering (BM) 2021

The diameter of a renal artery lumen in humans is 5 mm. If the mean velocity of the blood flowing in the renal artery is 40 cm/s, the density of blood (ρ) is 1060 kg/m³, and the viscosity of blood (μ) is 3 cP, the Reynolds number for the blood flowing in the renal artery is ______. (rounded off to the nearest integer).

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8

2022 · Biomedical Engineering · Biomechanics · Mechanical Properties of Hard and Soft Tissues

Biomedical Engineering (BM) 2022

For blood flow through arteries, which one of the following relations approximates the pulse wave propagation speed (C) as a function of the inner diameter (D) of the artery, wall thickness (t), modulus of elasticity (E), and fluid density (ρ)?

A

\(C = \sqrt{\frac{E t}{\rho D}}\)

B

\(C = \sqrt{\frac{\rho D}{E t}}\)

C

\(C = \sqrt{\frac{\rho D^3 t}{E}}\)

D

\(C = \sqrt{\frac{E \rho}{D t}}\)

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9

2023 · Biomedical Engineering · Biomechanics · Mechanical Properties of Hard and Soft Tissues

Biomedical Engineering (BM) 2023

M, L and T correspond to dimensions representing mass, length and time, respectively. What is the dimension of viscosity?

A

M^1 L^{-2} T^{-1}

B

M^1 L^{-1} T^{-1}

C

M^1 L^{-1} T^1

D

M^1 L^{-2} T^{-2}

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10

2023 · Biomedical Engineering · Biomechanics · Mechanical Properties of Hard and Soft Tissues

Biomedical Engineering (BM) 2023

For a tissue with Young's modulus of 3.6 kPa and Poisson's ratio of 0.2, what is the value of its shear modulus (in kPa)? (Round off the answer to one decimal place.)

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11

2024 · Biomedical Engineering · Biomechanics · Mechanical Properties of Hard and Soft Tissues

Biomedical Engineering (BM) 2024

A cylindrical engineered tissue was developed with a diameter of 2 cm, height of 3 cm and Young’s modulus of 20 MPa. If an axial tensile force of 10 N is applied, the percentage change in the height of the tissue is ________ %. Give your answer rounded off to 2 decimal places.

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12

2024 · Biomedical Engineering · Biomechanics · Mechanical Properties of Hard and Soft Tissues

Biomedical Engineering (BM) 2024

An artificial fore-arm has a moment-of-inertia around the center of mass as \(0.3\,\text{kg.m}^2\). The mass of the artificial fore-arm is \(3\,\text{kg}\). If the distance from the elbow joint to the center of mass of the fore-arm is \(20\,\text{cm}\), the moment-of-inertia of the fore-arm about the elbow joint is ______ \(\text{kg.m}^2\). Give your answer rounded off to two decimal places.

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13

2025 · Biomedical Engineering · Biomechanics · Mechanical Properties of Hard and Soft Tissues

Biomedical Engineering (BM) 2025

Let \(R_1\), \(R_2\) and \(R_3\) be the Reynolds numbers corresponding to the following three cases, respectively
Case 1: A 1 \(\mu\)m long bacterium swimming in water
Case 2: A 10 cm long fish swimming in water
Case 3: A 10 m long whale swimming in water
If each of them covers a distance equal to their respective body length in one second, which one of the following is CORRECT?

A

\(R_1 > R_2 > R_3\)

B

\(R_1 < R_2 < R_3\)

C

\(R_3 < R_1 < R_2\)

D

\(R_2 < R_1 < R_3\)

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14

2025 · Biomedical Engineering · Biomechanics · Mechanical Properties of Hard and Soft Tissues

Biomedical Engineering (BM) 2025

The shape of an elastic rod of length \(l\) is represented by the position vector \(\vec{r}(s)\) corresponding to the arc length \(s\). If the bending energy of the rod is \[E = K \int_{0}^{l} \left( \frac{\partial^2 \vec{r}}{\partial s^2} \right)^2 ds,\] what is the dimension of \(K\) in terms of mass \(M\), length \(L\) and time \(T\)?

A

\(MLT^{-2}\)

B

\(ML^3T^{-2}\)

C

\(ML^2T^{-2}\)

D

\(ML^3T^{-1}\)

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15

2025 · Biomedical Engineering · Biomechanics · Mechanical Properties of Hard and Soft Tissues

Biomedical Engineering (BM) 2025

For a tissue with Young's modulus 4 kPa and shear modulus 1.5 kPa, what is the value of the Poisson's ratio?

A

\(\frac{1}{5} \)

B

\(\frac{1}{3} \)

C

\(\frac{1}{4} \)

D

\(\frac{1}{2} \)

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16

2025 · Biomedical Engineering · Biomechanics · Mechanical Properties of Hard and Soft Tissues

Biomedical Engineering (BM) 2025

A Newtonian fluid of viscosity \( \mu \) is undergoing laminar flow in a tube of radius \( R \). For a constant pressure drop per unit length along the tube, which of the following statement(s) is/are CORRECT? Note: \( r \) represents the radial position; assume no slip condition at the boundaries.

A

The radial profile of the flow velocity is proportional to \((1 - \frac{r^2}{R^2}) \)

B

The radial profile of the flow velocity is proportional to \((1 - \frac{r^3}{R^3}) \)

C

Shear stress is zero at \(r = R \)

D

Shear stress is zero at \(r = 0 \)

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17

2025 · Biomedical Engineering · Biomechanics · Mechanical Properties of Hard and Soft Tissues

Biomedical Engineering (BM) 2025

For pulsatile blood flow through an artery of internal diameter 20 mm, wall thickness 1 mm and Young’s Modulus 1 MPa, what is the wave speed in metres per second? ______ (rounded off to one decimal place).
Assume the density of blood to be 1050 kg/m³.

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18

2025 · Biomedical Engineering · Biomechanics · Mechanical Properties of Hard and Soft Tissues

Biomedical Engineering (BM) 2025

An ideal, massless spring with spring constant 1 N/m (upper panel of the given figure) is cut into 5 equal parts. If two of these parts are connected in parallel (lower panel of the given figure), what is the resultant spring constant in N/m? ______ (rounded off to the nearest integer)
Assume linear behavior of the springs.

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19

2025 · Biomedical Engineering · Biomechanics · Mechanical Properties of Hard and Soft Tissues

Biomedical Engineering (BM) 2025

The cardiac output of a person at rest is 5 litres per minute and the mean aortic pressure is 100 mmHg. During exercise, if the cardiac output doubles and mean aortic pressure rises to 110 mmHg, then the peripheral resistance in the systemic circulation will decrease by ______%. (rounded off to the nearest integer)
Assume venous pressure in systemic circulation to be negligible.

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20

2026 · Biomedical Engineering · Biomechanics · Mechanical Properties of Hard and Soft Tissues

Biomedical Engineering (BM) 2026

Which one of the following options represents the tissues/organs of a healthy adult human, arranged in the correct decreasing order of their Young’s modulus?

A

Bone > Cartilage > Liver > Lung

B

Bone > Cartilage > Lung > Liver

C

Bone > Lung > Cartilage > Liver

D

Bone > Lung > Liver > Cartilage

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